objectification of women's bodies

The internalization and consistency of the thin-body ideal, together with perceived social pressures to be thin, have contributed significantly to womens body-image problems (Cafri, Jamaniya, Brannick, & Thompson, 2005). When can I grab those cheeks? and Can I see a little more skin? The global prevalence of intimate partner homicide: A systematic review. So objectification and the enjoyment of sexualization of womens bodies may be a double-edged sword. The present study tested a sociocultural model of women's sexual satisfaction grounded in Objectification Theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). (2014), less objectification and more enjoyment would be expected when comments about body were made by partners or even friends, but when comments were made by strangers and colleagues, more objectification and less enjoyment would be expected. Objectification by colleagues or strangers is overt, and our results suggest high rejection by participants to comments on their appearance and sexual body when made by strangers and colleagues. More work should be focused in this direction to improve our capacity to understand the complexity of the objectification process in an interpersonal context so as to develop effective prevention actions to reduce its harmful consequences for women. To the best of our knowledge, our study represents the first opportunity to characterize the responses from a heterogeneous sample of U.S. women to positive and negative comments made by different categories of perpetrators on both their appearance (aesthetic decorative level) and sexual body (sexual/erotic level). Ricciardelli LA, McCabe MP, & Ridge D (2006). (e.g., Men are more willing to take risks than women [AMI-B]; Men will always fight to have greater control in society than women [AMI-H]). Psychologists purport that this constant exposure to objectifying rhetoric and imagery can lead to a phenomenon called self-objectification, which occurs when individuals internalize observers' perspectives of their physical bodies. Objectification - Wikipedia In the current research we examined womens reactions to objectification of their bodies, according to appearance and sexualization, as channeled through mens comments, both positive and negative. An ambivalent alliance: Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality. Of all participants, 97% reported having had a partner, and 97% reported having had a work colleague. Experiencing sexually objectifying environments: A qualitative study. According to the participants self-report, 29 (9.60%) were Black, 26 (8.60%) were Asian, 15 (5.00%) were Hispanic, and 7 (2.40%) were mixed race; the remainder identified as White 224 (74.40%). Everyday sexism: Evidence for its incidence, nature, and psychological impact from three daily diary studies. Any investigation of objectification should account for both the aesthetic appearance and sexual body dimensions. Women 's bodies are routinely used as objects to sell various products. Objectification did not differ between positive and negative appearance comments for strangers, t(76) = 1.69, p = .096, d = .16, colleagues (t(72)= .81, p=.423, d=.19), or friends (t(73)=1.01, p=.316, d=.23); only when the perpetrator was a male partner was there a significant difference, t(72)=4.14, p=.001, d=.97 (see Table 1a). The first author was supported by the Government of Spain, Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport State Program of Promotion of Talent and Employability R + D, State Subprogram of Mobility (State Plan of Research and Technology and Innovation 20132016). This result might suggest that hostile sexism toward women (ASI-H) moderated the perpetrator effect, although only for objectification about positive appearance comments. And although women also receive compliments from other women, it is not to the same extent that they receive them from men (Strelan & Hargreaves, 2005). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.39682 Keywords: bodies, women, Chiquinha Gonzaga, device, discourse, Brazil Abstract This paper discusses the objectification of women's bodies in the discursive regularities present in the musical compositions of Chiquinha Gonzaga, a late nineteenth and early twentieth century composer from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Whether focused on aesthetic appearance or sexual body, these comments are often intended as compliments. Hesse-Biber S, Leavy P, Quinn CE, & Zoino J (2006). Cronbachs alphas of the original short version were .80 and .85, respectively, for the ASI-B and ASI-H subscales. The mass marketing of disordered eating and eating disorders: The social psychology of women, thinness and culture. (a) Hypothesis 1 predicted that women would feel less objectified and most enjoyment from comments about positive appearance and tame sexual body, and they would feel more objectified and less enjoyment by comments about crude sexual body and negative appearance. Womens perceptions and use of anti-aging products. Frontiers | Self-Objectification and Cognitive Performance: A To retain focus on the hypotheses, each ANOVA assessed appearance and sexual-body comments separately for objectification and enjoyment in turn. The body of a woman is described as a form or an object (passive/fragile), whereas the male body is described by its function or process (active/strong). As noted, perpetrator and comment positivity/crudeness were between-participants conditions, whereas comment type (appearance/sexual body) was a within-participants condition. An official website of the United States government. Womens concern with their physical appearance is widespread (Etcoff, Orbach, Scott & DAgostino, 2004) and risky for their physical and mental health (Calogero, Herbozo & Thompson, 2009). Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, To compare the means of the two types of comments about appearance (positive vs. negative) and sexual body (tame vs. crude), t-tests were performed. Stckl H, Devries K, Rotstein A, Abrahams N, Campbell J, Watts C, Moreno CG (2013). To test Hypothesis 1, a sequence of mixed two-way ANOVAs evaluated objectification and enjoyment related to positive/negative appearance and tame/crude sexual-body comments by each of the four perpetrators (partner, friend, colleague, and stranger). What drives female objectification? An investigation of appearance If a benevolent sexist is less likely to be seen as sexist (Barreto & Ellemers, 2005), partner objectification maybe more dangerous for women because the enjoyment of objectification comments by an intimate partner, more than other perpetrators, could be an effective way to keep women objectified and thus hold them in a position of inequality (Calogero & Jost, 2011). This section on Hypothesis 1 examines its predicted positivity main effects and their generality across perpetrator and comment type. Potential implications of the objectification of women's bodies for The construction of the adolescent male body through sport. Overall, these results only partially support Hypothesis 3. Sexual harassment and masculinity. I know you can turn me on). Not An Object: On Sexualization and Exploitation of Women and Girls The results of our study lend strong support to the psychological intimacy hypothesis (Riemer et al., 2014) and help to understand the clear rejection of comments about appearance and sexual body from strangers and colleagues, and even friends, but the greater enjoyment and less objectification when comments were made by partners. The results of our study corroborate this claim because more enjoyment and less objectification were observed when comments were made by intimate partners, and the least enjoyment and more objectification when the comments were made by strangers, colleagues and friends. They reported on their educational background: 37 (12.30%) had attained a high school diploma or less; 121 (40.20%) had some college or vocational training, or an associate degree; 116 (38.50%) had a bachelors degree, and 27 (9.00%) had a Masters or professional degree. From Attire to Assault: Clothing, Objectification, and De-humanization Given the negative effects associated with self-objectificationsuch as body shame, appearance anxiety, depression, and disordered eatingan empirically based approach to researching and counteracting self-objectification is critical. The impact of sexual harassment by strangers still has not been thoroughly investigated, although these behaviors have a high incidence and may affect women even more than workplace sexual harassment (MacMillan, Nierobisz, & Welsh, 2000). There is a well-known tension between seeing someone as, and appreciating them for, a body as opposed to a mind. These results support Hypothesis 2. "It's about consumer culture," she says. The pairwise comparisons of means showed no significant differences for comments by colleagues/strangers/friends, but significant differences between partners and strangers (p<.001, d=1.22), colleagues (p<.001, d=1.13), and friends (p<.001, d=.86). At any given moment, according to a recent United Nations report, there are approximately 20 million human beings, women, girls, men, and boys, being retained in . Also, sexist attitudes related to objectification and enjoyment when they received comments about negative appearance (more hostile attitudes toward men predicted greater objectification and more benevolent attitudes toward men predicted greater enjoyment; see Table 3b). it is often by concealing her body that a woman can protect herself, gain the upper hand, and manifest power. There were no significant post hoc differences among comments by colleagues, strangers, and friends, but significant differences did emerge between strangers (p < .001, d = 1.36), colleagues (p < .001, d = 1.37), and friends (p < .001, d = .88) versus partners. In the current study, the internal consistency (alpha) of the Objectification subscale was .90 for appearance comments and .89 for sexual-body comments; internal consistency of the Enjoyment of Sexualization subscale was .90 for appearance comments and .87 for sexual-body comments.
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