what is needed for a cycad seed to germinate

Cycas angulata, C. armstrongii, C. media and Macrozamia reidlei germinated after sun-drying (Langkamp and Plaisted, 1987) and the possibility exists that the seeds could be orthodox in their storage response, i.e., the seeds can tolerate rapid artificial drying to 15% RH and storage at 20C. Cases in point are the use of seed-derived explants to initiate tissue cultures and the respective storage of zygotic and somatic embryos in traditional seed banks and in vitro genebanks in which tissue cultures are maintained in medium and long-term (cryogenic) storage (Litz et al., 2004). Many people would There are 11 genera of cycads and each group is defined by their pollination and germination techniques. Dickie JB, Pritchard HW. WebCycas, genus of 115 species of palmlike cycads in the family Cycadaceae native to tropical and subtropical areas of the Old World. Dependency of seed dormancy types on embryo traits and environmental conditions in. Until the embryo grows to germination Pacini E, Franchi GG, Ripaccioli M. Ripe pollen structure and histochemistry of some gymnosperms. Click the card to flip 3. Interestingly, Osborne et al. One recognised problem during cycad seed germination testing is that sowing seeds with small embryos immediately after harvest results in water uptake and expansion of the gametophyte and the opening of the sclerotesta. Fernando DD, Lazzaro MD, Owens JN. These include: pollen collection, storage and use to artificially pollinate cones in the field so as to enhance quality seed output and potentially widen the genetic a drop of liquid. Seed Sometimes Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The .gov means its official. You want your medium to be as sterile as possible Your seeds need to be moist but not wet Growing area is warm to stimulate Furthermore, Mostert (2000) showed that pollen within the Encephalartos species differs in its ability to retain viability at sub-zero storage temperatures. Similarly Xaba (2014) noted considerable success in storing silica gel dried pollen of 17 species of Encephalartos at -15C over a three year period. Cycads are dioecious producing either pollen cones or seeds cones. There are always exceptions to every rule. Primarily, CR species are from the genera Encephalartos, Zamia and Cycas (Table (Table1).1). For example, embryo length relative to the seed (E:S ratio) varies considerably, from 0.17 in Cycas taitungensis to about 0.7 in Zamia furfuracea and Zamia floridana (Table (Table2).2). Several species, among them the Australian nut palm Integrated conservation of ancient plants. I have heard several Fully hydrated pollen of Encephalartos latifrons is globular in shape and has grains of about 100m in diameter (Fig. Sago Palm: Plant Care & Growing Guide - The Spruce The most efficient pollination methods may vary between species and dry pollination is recommended for Bowenia, Ceratozamia, Chigua, Cycas, Dioon, Microcycas, Stangeria and Zamia; wet pollination is suggested for Encephalartos, Lepidozamia and Macrozamia (Grobbelaar, 2002). Similarly, there seems to be a correlation between initial relative embryo length at ripening and the natural habitat where the species occurs, e.g., distinct tropical species, such as E. ituriensis, germinate immediately at ripening while most South African Encephalartos need at many months storage prior to sowing and germination. Before For example, Zamia integrifolia develops cones in the autumn and is pollinated in December, but these stages occur several weeks later in north Florida than they do in the Miami area, 500km to the south (Norstog and Nicholls, 1997). The real answer, and more complicated answer is that it appears as if some cycad seeds will germinate at lower temperatures and some need more heat. Cycad care 1. Quiz 7 chapter 30&31 A molecular systematic study of the African endemic cycads. Marks TR, Seaton PT, Pritchard HW. Novelties of flowering plant pollen tube underline diversification of a key life history stage. (1992) established that stored pollen can be used to give consistent fertilization outcomes, demonstrating that asynchronous coning in cycads can be surmounted as pollen retained 50% viability for up to two years when stored at 0C. A seed to germinate This approach was successfully applied to two species in Encephalartos (E. lebomboensis and E. arenarius) by determining various isotopes (carbon, strontium, nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur) in the tissues (Retief et al., 2014). Pollen germination (in all plant species) is highly temperature sensitive. The endosperm provides the embryo with the nutrition needed during the initial germination stages. seeds slightly moist. My favorite method is placing the seed Very small seedlings should be kept in pots for 3-4 years and if deep containers are used, plants grow better. Subsequent slow germination in some cycads may reflect the need to complete embryo development and could indicate the presence of morphological or morpho-physiological dormancy. 1cm per year, in many forms with more extreme, xerophytic adaptations and dwarf species (Norstog & Nichols, 1997). Encephalartos latifrons pollen germinating in vitro after 48h incubation. Connecticut's cannabis law allows for growing up to 12 plants per household. Soil microbes degrade the seed coating allowing the seed to germinate. Abstracts of the 9. Cuestas S, Anderson L, Valcourt M, Husby C, Calonje M, Griffith MP. Dehgan B, Dehgan NB. GRANDIDENTATUM ACCESSIONS, 1014_39 USING EFFLUENT VOLUMES TO CONTROL LEACHING IN LARGE CONTAINER NURSERY CROPS, 1014_40 USING LIGHT EMITTING DIODES FOR EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF FLOWERING PLANTS, 1014_41 A PERSONAL RESPONSE TO THE CHANGING U.K. MARKET FOR HARDY NURSERY STOCK, 1014_42 EXPERIENCES OF RUNNING A SPECIALIST RETAIL NURSERY, 1014_43 PERSONAL EXPERIENCES OF GRAFTING HIGH VALUE PLANTS, 1014_44 WATER MANAGEMENT USING POLYSACCHARIDE-BASED PRODUCTS IN GROWING MEDIA FOR CONTAINER PLANT PRODUCTION, 1014_45 PHEROMONES FOR MONITORING AND CONTROL OF PESTS OF WOODY ORNAMENTALS, 1014_46 SUSCEPTIBILITY OF FRAXINUS SPECIES TO ASH DIEBACK CAUSED BY CHALARA FRAXINEA, 1014_47 TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE GROWING MEDIA: THE WORK OF THE U.K.'S SUSTAINABLE GROWING MEDIA TASK FORCE, 1014_48 A REVIEW OF THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF GROWING CONTAINER NURSERY STOCK IN PEAT-FREE MEDIA, 1014_49 FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN MANAGEMENT OF NURSERY PROFITABILITY, 1014_50 CARVING OUT A NICHE WITH NON-COMMODITY CROPS, 1014_51 COSTING DELIVERY INTO THE NURSERY PRICING STRUCTURE, 1014_52 PREPARING YOUR BUSINESS TO MEET THE CHALLENGES OF THE FUTURE, 1014_53 SUMMERTIME PLANT WATCHING IN NORTH SIKKIM, 1014_55 ADDRESSING THE CHALLENGES OF NATIVE WOODLAND WILDFLOWER PROPAGATION, 1014_56 SEED DORMANCY: GIVE YOUR SEEDS A WAKE-UP CALL!, 1014_57 BRINGING THE ART AND SCIENCE OF CUTTING PROPAGATION BACK TO THE BENCH, 1014_58 BUDDING AND GRAFTING - IF YOU THINK YOU KNOW IT ALL - THINK AGAIN!, 1014_59 BUYING TISSUE CULTURED PLANTS AND HAVING THEM SURVIVE, 1014_60 NORTH CREEK SEED TREATMENT TECHNIQUES, 1014_61 LIVERWORT CONTROL IN PROPAGATION SYSTEMS: WHAT WE'VE LEARNED, 1014_62 MY PATH INTO THE NURSERY BUSINESS, 1014_63 ROOT CUTTINGS: A NOVEL APPROACH TO PRODUCING PLANTS, 1014_64 CUTTING PROPAGATION OF EMMENOPTERYS HENRYI - LESSON LEARNED, 1014_67 EFFECTS OF AMMONIUM TO NITRATE RATIOS ON SUBSTRATE PH SHIFTS DURING GROWTH OF CALIBRACHOA WITH ALKALINE WATER, 1014_68 THE EFFECT OF AUXIN AND CUTTING TYPE ON ROOTING OF CUPRESSUS CASHMERIANA, 1014_69 THE EFFECT OF SEED SOWING DATE ON GROWTH AND INFLORESCENCE SIZE OF ECHIUM SIMPLEX, 1014_70 STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING PROLONGED DROUGHT DAMAGE OF HERBACEOUS PLANT MATERIALS, 1014_71 GERMINATION OF WATER SEDGE, CAREX AQUATILIS, AND COTTON SEDGE, ERIOPHORUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM, FROM ARCTIC COASTAL WETLANDS, PRUDHOE BAY, ALASKA, 1014_73 SMALL FLOWERING TREES DESERVING GREATER USE, 1014_74 USING LEACHING FRACTIONS TO MAXIMIZE IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY, 1014_75 FACTORS AFFECTING THE IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT OF CONTAINER-GROWN ORNAMENTALS, 1014_76 CURRENT OPTIONS FOR USING AUXIN SOLUTIONS IN CUTTING PROPAGATION, 1014_77 PINE WOOD CHIPS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO PERLITE: CULTURAL PARAMETERS TO CONSIDER, 1014_78 SALINE IRRIGATION OF FIVE DIVERSE LANDSCAPE SPECIES FOR THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES, 1014_79 FROM LIVERWORT TO SPURGE - AN UPDATE ON WEED MANAGEMENT, 1014_80 OBSERVATIONS OF SIXTY YEARS IN THE NURSERY INDUSTRY: THEN AND NOW, 1014_81 SO YOU THINK YOU HAVE IT TOUGH NOW, 1014_82 SOME TOUGH PROPAGATION CHALLENGES, 1014_83 SUSCEPTIBILITY OF COMMERCIAL BOXWOOD TAXA TO CYLINDROCLADIUM BUXICOLA, 1014_85 NIGHT-INTERRUPTED LIGHTING OF NURSERY-GROWN HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS IN THE SOUTHEASTERN USA, 1014_86 ADDING COLOR TO YOUR GREEN WORLD, 1014_87 PROPAGATION OF SPARKLEBERRY (VACCINIUM ARBORETUM) IMPROVED VIA CUTTING TYPE, 1014_88 NOVEL METHODS FOR OBSERVING AND QUANTIFYING ROOT GROWTH OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS, 1014_89 A COMPARISON OF DISTILLED CEDAR, PERLITE, AND RICE HULLS AS SUBSTRATE COMPONENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF GREENHOUSE-GROWN ANNUALS, 1014_90 TRACE GAS EMISSIONS FROM NURSERY CROP PRODUCTION USING DIFFERENT FERTILIZATION METHODS, 1014_91 AUTOMATED IRRIGATION CONTROL FOR IMPROVED GROWTH AND QUALITY OF GARDENIA JASMINOIDES, 1014_92 ENGLISH IVY (HEDERA HELIX) CONTROL WITH SELECTED POSTEMERGENCE HERBICIDES, 1014_93 PROCESSED EUCALYPTUS TREES AS A SUBSTRATE COMPONENT FOR GREENHOUSE CROP PRODUCTION, 1014_94 ANTITRANSPIRANT EFFECTS ON WATER USE EFFICIENCY IN IMPATIENS, 1014_95 EASTERN RED CEDAR AS AN AMENDMENT TO PINE BARK IN THE PRODUCTION OF ORNAMENTAL SPECIES, 1014_96 PINE BARK PHYSICAL PROPERTIES INFLUENCED BY BARK SOURCE AND AGE, 1014_97 POST EMERGENCE CONTROL OF LIRIOPE SPICATA, 1014_98 ROOT GROWTH OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS AS INFLUENCED BY PINE BARK AGE, WOOD, AND SAND AMENDMENT, 1014_99 CHONDROITIN SULFATE CAN BE A NEW PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR FOR CYMBIDIUM MICROPROPAGATION, 1014_100 EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE IN THE PRECEDING YEAR AND CORM WEIGHT ON FLOWERING IN IXIA 'VENUS', 1014_101 EFFECTS ON GROWTH OF PLANTS BY THE SOIL CONDITIONER FFC-ACE, 1014_102 INTRODUCTION OF THE MICROBIAL PESTICIDE (HASUMON KILLER) AGAINST SPODOPTERA LITURA, 1014_103 MIST IRRIGATION CULTURE OF "TEIREGI" (CARDAMINE REGELIANA MIQ. As for other species, cycad pollen germination and pollen tube growth is influenced by several environmental factors, particularly temperature and moisture (relative humidity), (Stanley and Linskens, 1974). How to: Grow Cycads from a seed - YouTube Cycad species in the three families assigned Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN) or Vulnerable (VU) status, A total of 303 species were assessed. Storage temperature affected pollen viability, which was retained for 4months at 0C; pollen viability did not show a significant loss after preservation in liquid nitrogen at a water content of 13.215.5%. Terry I, Moore CJ, Walter GH, Voster PI, Roemer RB, Donaldson JS, Machin PJ. Is there floral parasite mutualism pollination in cycads? In their study, sixteen microsatellite DNA markers were used to determine the number of management units required and to assess genetic structures of known populations. The nutritional value of starch in the sarcotesta provides an incentive for local land dispersal by mammals, for example E. whitelockii seed by baboons and monkeys (Kamoga, D., pers. (2014) where a full list of references is provided. Green Plants in the Red: A Baseline Global Assessment for the IUCN Sampled Red List Index for Plants. will usually sprout after one month, and Dioons fall apart in 6 months, so the holding period or storage time will be about 6 months. In general, a mix of perlite and peat moss in a 2:1 or 3:1 ratio is best to start off the seedlings, and as they grow you can mix in fertilizer to feed the roots as the plants grow! Similarly, Zamia integrifolia is reported to have 77% germination after 1year air-dry storage at 5C (Witte, 1977). Although all gymnosperm pollination was thought to be anemophilous (i.e., wind pollinated), pollination of cycads by insects (entomophily) has been reported widely (Stevenson et al., 1998) and proven experimentally in seven out of 10 extant genera: Bowenia, Cycas, Encephalartos Lepidozamia, Macrozamia, Stangeria and Zamia (Xaba, 2014). Life history and host range of the leopard magpie moth. Once pollinated, the seed develops in the seed cone for several months to 2 years with the average seed cone maturing after 8-9 months. Over this storage period, there was no obvious difference between the remaining viability of E. latifrons from both wild and cultivates sources (Xaba, 2014). Pritchard HW, Moat J, Ferraz JBS, Marks TR, Camargo JLC, Nadarajan J, Ferraz IDK. Because cycad plants are hardy, they are relatively easy to grow. Fernando DD, Quin CR, Brenner ED, Owens JN. Albany cycad (. Seeds of species in this taxonomic section tend to be large and buoyant regardless of viability, whilst seeds in other taxonomic sections in Cycas, such as section Asiorientialis, containing the well-known species Cycas revoluta, have relatively small seeds that only float when inviable. The ready availability of germplasm for ex situ conservation and sustainable use will only be realised, however, by exploring the comparative seed and pollen biology of a much wider range of species than hitherto studied. Cycads propagate easily from fresh seeds, which germinate in two to three months if kept under very warm conditions. Many species tend to initiate cones in the spring, are pollinated in the summer and set seeds in late autumn or winter (Norstog and Nicholls, 1997). One factor for this may be that a more temperate-zone environment (e.g., thermo- or photo-period) may inhibit, or at least not stimulate, cone induction. Cotyledonary leaf sections or epicotyl sections from zygotic embryos. He is in charge of putting together periodic seed lists and distributing the seeds to interested members. CYCAD SEED GERMINATION | International Society for - ISHS will not sprout until the embryo is at full length. Zarchini M, Hashemabadi D, Kaviani B, Fallahabadi PR, Negahdar N. Improved germination conditions in. Production of compact white callus leading to leaf emergence. How To Grow And Care For A Cycad - Bunnings Australia Whilst progress is being made, we conclude that an acceleration of comparative studies is needed to facilitate the integration of in situ and ex situ conservation programmes to better safeguard endangered cycads. Seeds of Cycas species in the section Rumphiae, such as C. circinalis and C. thouarsii, have an additional spongy layer that causes flotation and could enable long-distance dispersal by river or ocean currents. Taxonomic aspects and coning ecology of. Adventitious root and shoot formation medium- and phytohormone-dependent. One estimate indicates that Zamia amblyphyllidia yields only 15 seeds per cone (Negron-Ortiz et al., 1996). Moreover, autecology studies tend to focus on plant characteristics, such as coning time, rather than seed traits (mass, storage, germination). Mature seeds of five Cycas species (C. revoluta, C. media, C. normanbyana, C. taiwaniana and C. wadei) have a three-layered coat consisting of the sarcotesta, sclerotesta and a thin membraneous jacket (Dehgan and Yuen, 1983). Excessive and illegal harvesting of mature cycads from natural populations has caused colony destruction and the extinction of several wild populations. This will help to elevate the problem of a-synchronised coning in male and female plants as the pollen can be stored and tested for viability before conducting an artificial pollination. In angiosperm seeds, slower germination is often observed when the embryo is relatively small, and might indicate the presence of some type of dormancy. Figure 2. Cycad conservation could potentially benefit from the application of in vitro technology and micropropagation (tissue culture), cryopreservation of cells and tissues and other innovative technologies, including molecular biology. Once a cone is pollinated the pollen is drawn into the seed (ovule) by awhile the soft, inside part of the seed will separate from the hard shell. Pollen cones can take several months from emergence to progress to pollen shed, e.g. Overall then, the main restriction to developing a strategy on the ex situ conservation of cycads in seed banks is a lack of baseline data on storage behaviour, combined with challenges in securing adequate seed supplies, especially in the case of rarer species. Seed morphology in relation to dispersal, evolution, and propagation of. Florida (PACSOF) In addition, Osborne et al. Osborne et al. The compiled botanical information on cycad seed storage covers <2% of species in the Cycadales. Plant species with extremely small populations (PSESP) in China: A seed and spore biology perspective. The concept of taking an integrated conservation approach for cycad species was presented at the 9th International Conference of Cycad Biology (Pritchard et al., 2011). In: Noor NM, Chin HF, Reed BM, editors. Most cycads germinate best at This also showed that 12 months might be the optimum Webdelay in seed germination (Frett, 1987). Chaw SM, Walters TW, Chang CC, Hu SH, Chen SH. seed. Transcriptomics is also used for characterisation of male and female plants in C. elongata (Wang et al., 2011). Assessment of desiccation and freezing sensitivity towards development of cryopreservation protocols for three cycad species: Daws MI, Garwood N, Pritchard HW. 1994. The Cycad Society Seedbank has been able to offer some really interesting cycad seeds in recent years, many of which are rarely if ever seen in the trade. 2004). Inin vivo environment, such effects are realised through a combination of external ambient conditions and the internal temperature of the cone as affected by thermogenesis when receptive. Frett (1987) observed that Cycas revoluta seeds take up to a year to germinate: removal of the pulp and sowing in the dark have been observed to increased germination after scarification (up to 2h) with sulphuric acid, but the application of gibberellic acid, a plant hormone and well known dormancy-breaking chemical, does not appear to provide any enhancement. Cycad seeds like to stay More recently single-copy nuclear gene technology has been used to describe the phylogeny of cycads, contributing to an accurate infra-familial classification of Zamiaceae (Salas-Leiva et al., 2013). If you cut a seed open, it will show you how Studies on pollen germination of. The question then arises: What type of strategies are required to improve the conservation status of cycads? shudder at the thought of wasting a seed, but most people have a tendency to rot the seed The evolutionary age estimates and diversification dynamics of cycads depend on the dating method used. In orchids, humidity levels can impact on both lifespan and immediate viability, e.g., following the imposition of desiccation stress (Marks et al., 2014). With respect to cycads, molecular-biotechnological approaches can be applied in seed biology research and to facilitate the development of storage practices. four months in Encephalartos altensteinii (Xaba, P., pers. 1992 a, b, c; Chavez et al., 1994; Litz et al., 1995 a, b) but these have not, generally, resulted in the growth of whole plants. Do I treat them as if they were palm seeds: soak 24-48 hours, sow in community pot, cover with a thin layer of potting mix? Some people prefer using bottom heat to help germination, but I have found that a Pollen biology, biochemistry, management. Raju AJS, Rao NG. The embryo starts in Germination of Australian native plant seed. The authors thank Richard Litz and Pat Moon (University of Florida) for information concerning cycad biotechnology. E. natalensis seeds also seem to be quite robust in storage, as Forsyth and van Staden (1983) report that seeds can be stored dry or moist. Thermogenesis is mostly associated with insect, especially beetle, pollination where volatile odours as the result of cone heating could indicate food, mating opportunities and heat resources (Thien et al., 2000; Terry et al., 2004; Suinyuy et al., 2010; Tang, 1987). Pollen viability testing using stains has also been carried out with nitroblue tetrazolium stain (Tang, 1986); acetocarmine and Alexanders stain (Mostert, 2000) and aniline blue (Kay et al., 2011). The longevity of cycad pollen Results of some preliminary experiments. J. Donaldson, Email: az.gro.ibnas@nosdlanod.j. For example, Encepalartos inopinus cones are reported to be receptive for only four days (Grobbelaar, 1996). 1015cm per year, in a few taller-growing species, to ca. J. Nadarajan, Email: zn.oc.doofdnatnalp@najaradan.ihtnayaJ. Some people plant the seed on top of the medium. The exposed gametophyte tissue then often succumbs to fungal infections before the embryo has grown large enough to germinate. Rousseau, P. 2012. Like all other cannabis products, they would need to register a Ceratozamia Immature cycad seed The Cycad Jungle Genera of interest have been Encephalartos (five species), Zamia (four species), Ceratozamia and Cycas (three species each) and Stangeria (one species). Harding and Benson (2012) have recently reviewed the use of biomarkers in tropical plant conservation. Each cycad genus has unique reproductive and vegetative characteristics. These topics should be the focus of future research. H. W. Pritchard, Phone: +44 144 894140, Email: gro.wek@drahctirp.h. Once a cone is pollinated the pollen is drawn into Callus formed; or coralloid roots developed after callus formation or from spherical outgrowths; or embryoids formed; or seedlings grew. Pollination biology of. This is the big secret to cycad seeds. Marler PN, Marler TE. This With the proper technique and an understanding of how a cycad Cycads in vitro. Cycads occur at relatively low elevations (mean of 565m); only four species reach above 2000m (Fragniere et al., 2015). Also, forensic chemistry of cells and tissues, pioneered on tropical timber, has been used to compare isotope signatures of wild cycads with specimens translocated decades ago (Nordling, 2014). Mulch to retain moisture and to improve the soil. In certain species the cones are brightly coloured, possibly to attract animal pollinators and seed dispersers (Norstog and Nicholls, 1997). Best practices and efficiency measures have been developed for cycad horticulture in botanic gardens (Cuestas et al., 2011), resulting in the development of high quality collections particularly in South Africa, Thailand and China that help to safeguard against species loss in the natural environment. If you are interested in donating seeds to the seedbank, please contact Garrie using the e-mail below. MSc thesis, Univ. From my own Progressive development Floating seeds Early studies resulted in the asexual production of embryos from explanted somatic and reproductive (zygotic embryos/seed) tissues of Ceratozamia and Zamia (Chavez et al. The site is secure. Difficult germination and the slow growth of the resultant plants enhance the cost of production of cycads. Cycas The two main methods for artificial pollination of cycads involve the injection of pollen between the loose sporophylls by puffing (dry method) or squirting in an aqueous solution (wet method) (Grobbelaar, 2002). If you are interested in donating seeds to the seedbank, please contact Garrie using the e-mail below. How To Grow Cycads - Information On Cycad Care - Gardening The pollen will stay in the pollen chamber for around three months. Dormancy is the inability of the seed to germinate in a specified period under any combination of normal physical environmental factors that are otherwise favourable for its germination, i.e., after the seed becomes non-dormant (see Baskin and Baskin, 2014; Finch-Savage and Leubner-Metzger, 2006). For optimum results, the medium A global analysis of the distribution and conservation status of gymnosperms. (Eds). In addition, such collections typically have limited numbers of each plant species. Population structure in. Systematic and evolutionary aspects of desiccation tolerance in seeds. Yang, & H.W. Drr, C., J.B. Dickie, X-Y. The second phase of pollen development begins after pollen is carried to the ovule and is drawn into the pollen chamber by resorption of a pollination droplet. The similarities of entomophilous cycad pollen traits with that of anemophilous gymnosperms suggest that cycad pollen is robust, and well adapted to cope with detrimental environmental conditions.
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