doolittle's raid on japan what happened

B-25B aircraft modifications included the following: Two bombers also had cameras mounted to record the results of the bombing. Thus, the raid's most significant strategic accomplishment was that it compelled the Japanese high command into ordering a very inefficient disposition of their forces, and poor decision-making due to fear of attack, for the rest of the war. It served as an initial retaliation for the December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, and provided an important boost to American morale. While the Japanese navy was fighting for its survival, the Japanese army was carrying out a terrifying campaign of reprisals in southeastern China. On 19 February, the group was detached from the Eighth Air Force and officially assigned to III Bomber Command.[19]. Some 140 men from the 17th Bombardment Group traveled to Eglin Field (now Eglin Air Force Base) in Valparaiso, Florida, to begin three weeks of intensive mission training in March 1942. As the USSR was not at war with Japan, and a Soviet-Japanese neutrality pact was officially in force, the Soviet government was officially unable to immediately repatriate any Allied personnel involved in hostilities, who entered Soviet territory. So, on April 18, 1942, 16 B-25 bombers took off from the Hornet and bombed targets in the Japanese cities of Tokyo, Yokohama, Nagoya, and Kobe. Blackout curtains descended across windows on West Coast cities in fear of enemy bombers. After setting the aircrafts automatic pilot, Doolittle followed, but not before glancing at the clock on the instrument panelit was 9:20 pm, exactly 13 hours since he had taken off from the Hornet. Edwin J. York, who had led the third flight of planes into Tokyo, was desperately short of fuel and was forced to land near Vladivostok. [63], Despite the minimal damage inflicted, American morale, still reeling from the attack on Pearl Harbor and Japan's subsequent territorial gains, soared when news of the raid was released. Halsey dispatched an order to the Hornet: LAUNCH PLANES. As the naval force traveled west, however, events would reinforce the often repeated military maxim that no plan survives first contact with the enemy. The film used the retired World War II aircraft carrier USSLexington in Corpus Christi, Texas, to stand in for a Japanese carrier, while the aircraft were launched from USSConstellation, standing in for Hornet from which the Doolittle Raid was launched. Col. James H. Doolittle led 16 B-25 bombers from the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier Hornet in a spectacular surprise attack that caused little damage but boosted Allied morale. 1, was the last surviving Doolittle Raider[84] and the only one to live to an older age than Doolittle, who died in 1993 at age 96. [61], Allied ambassadors and staff in Tokyo were still interned until agreement was reached about their repatriation via the neutral port of Loureno Marques in Portuguese East Africa in JuneJuly 1942. Americans badly needed a morale boost."[9]. [35] Although none of the B-25 pilots, including Doolittle, had ever taken off from a carrier before, all 16 aircraft launched safely between 08:20 and 09:19, though Doolittle's bomber was witnessed to have almost hit the water before pulling up at the last second. The B-18 was one of the final two types that Doolittle considered, and he rejected it for the same reason. [59], Compared with the future devastating Boeing B-29 Superfortress attacks against Japan, the Doolittle raid did little material damage, and all of it was easily repaired. The bombers participated in a commemorative re-enactment of the Doolittle Raid on Tokyo, taking off from Ranger's flight deck before more than 1,500 guests. Doolittle and Lieutenant Cole. 7, died on 22 June 2016 in Missoula, Montana, at the age of 94. Crews received instruction in cross-country flying, night flying, low-altitude bombing, and navigation. Each flight of three planes was assigned to a specific course, but the raiders approach was spread over a 50-mile (80-km) front. [20] The primary base was at Zhuzhou, toward which all the aircraft navigated, but Halsey never sent the planned signal to alert them, apparently because of a possible threat to the task force. Instead, that bomber was made part of the mission force. Kuroshima said the raid "passed like a shiver over Japan" and Miwa criticised the Army for claiming to have shot down nine aircraft rather than "not even one". Several fields in Zhejiang province were supposed to be ready to guide them in using homing beacons, then recover and refuel them for continuing on to Chongqing, the wartime Kuomintang capital. [55], Doolittle recounted in his autobiography that at the time he thought the mission was a failure and he would be demoted upon return to the US. [clarification needed] The people who helped them paid dearly for sheltering the Americans. An area of some 20,000sqmi (50,000km2) was laid waste. However, in actual practice, it was found that although takeoff was comparatively easy, landing a bomber on a moving carrier flight deck was extremely difficult. To make up for the removal of the defensive turret, a mock tail gun was crafted out of painted broomsticks, which, it was hoped, would deter Japanese fighters from attacking from the rear. Emperor Hirohito is seen being told to go to a shelter during this scene. [54], Admiral Nimitz attempted to commit Enterprise and Hornet to support USS Lexington and USS Yorktown against Japanese forces involved in Operation Mo. The retaliatory bombing of Japan after Pearl Harbor would be a mission in which all planes were lost but most of the crews would survive and return to duty. King on 10 January 1942 that he thought that twin-engined Army bombers could be launched from an aircraft carrier, after observing several at Naval Station Norfolk Chambers Field in Norfolk, where the runway was painted with the outline of a carrier deck for landing practice. Cole was a co-pilot alongside Lt. Col. James H. Doolittle, the raid's commander and pilot of its lead plane. The raid also spurred the escalation of the Second Sino-Japanese War. [note 6] After respotting to allow for engine start and runups, Doolittle's aircraft had 467 feet (142m) of takeoff distance. Doolittle took along all 22 flight crews, both to provide spare flight personnel and as an additional security measure. [note 12] The fact that medium, normally land-based bombers carried out the attack confused the IJN's high command. It was hoped that the damage done would be both material and psychological. [29] At noon the next day, parts to complete modifications that had not been finished at McClellan were lowered to the forward deck of Hornet by Navy blimp L-8. Total crew casualties: 3 KIA: 2 off the coast of China, 1 in China; 8 POW: 3 executed, 1 died in captivity, 4 repatriated. Spearheaded by five aircraft carriers and its best naval aircraft and aircrews, the Second Fleet was immediately ordered to locate and destroy the U.S. carrier force, but failed to do so, due to the American fleet choosing to head back to Hawaii (had they stayed after all, they would've found themselves attacked by the carriers Akagi, Sry and Hiry). Doolittle's Raiders And The Miracle That Saved Them - Forbes [73] The Navy, in 1944, commissioned the Essex-class aircraft carrier USSShangri-La, with Doolittle's wife Josephine as the sponsor. Edwin J. York, would attack southern Tokyo and the north-central part of Tokyo Bay; the fourth, led by Capt. Without Doolittle's knowledge and in violation of his orders, both carburetors on York's plane had been replaced by depot workers in Sacramento. Doolittle Raid on Japan 78 Years Ago Buoyed American Spirits Although the USS Nashville quickly sank the ship, the Hornet radio room intercepted an outgoing message alerting the Japanese military to the presence of the Americans. In addition, Corporal David J. Thatcher (a flight engineer/gunner on Lawson's crew) and 1st Lt. Thomas R. White (flight surgeon/gunner with Smith) were awarded the Silver Star for helping the wounded crew members of Lt. Lawson's crew to evade Japanese troops in China. From nearby Fort Snelling, the 710th Military Police Battalion provided tight security around this hangar. William Halsey why was the operation risky? All but one of the B-25s were destroyed in crashes, while the 16th landed at Vladivostok in the Soviet Union. All 15 aircraft reached the Chinese coast after 13 hours of flight and crash-landed or the crews bailed out. This article was most recently revised and updated by, Planning and training for the Doolittle Raid, Aftermath and significance of the Doolittle Raid, https://www.britannica.com/event/Doolittle-Raid, HistoryNet - The Doolittle Raid: The Mission that Made World War II Seem Winnable, Naval History and Heritage Command - Doolittle Raid, Live Science - Doolittle Raid: America's WWII attack on Tokyo, Eyewitnesstohistory.com - The Doolittle Raid, 1942, Pacific War: Japanese-controlled areas of China. At 3:10 am on April 18, American radar operators on the Enterprise detected a Japanese picket boat far outside the expected patrol area. While Doolittle had hoped to launch aircraft at a distance of 400600 miles (640965 km) from the target, Halsey was unwilling to risk his valuable carriers by pushing deeper into the Japanese defensive perimeter. Miller as his copilot. About an hour into the flight, the raiders spotted a vessel that they took to be a camouflaged light cruiser, and an hour later they crossed paths with a multi-engine land-based plane. It was also hoped that the raid would demonstrate American resolve to the other Allied powers, as well as give the American people a respite from the torrent of bad news from the fighting fronts. The 2019 reunion was held at Lt. Col. Richard E. Cole's memorial service. The raiders flew as low as the terrain would permit and spotted several small biplanes, evidently trainers, in the air above them. It was to rendezvous with the carrier USS Enterprise and William (Bull) Halseys Task Force 16 and then proceed to the launch area some 400 miles (640 km) off the coast of Japan. The ships proceeded in radio silence. [45] Out of the 80 crewmen, 3 died, 8 were captured (as seen here) and 3 were killed in captivity by the Japanese. Only the B-25 of 1st Lt. Richard O. Joyce received any battle damage, minor hits from antiaircraft fire. After bombing the military and industrial targets, the crews were to continue westward to land in China. The raid is depicted in the 2019 film Midway, with actor Aaron Eckhart portraying Jimmy Doolittle. bases as they were not at war with the Japanese and did not wish to risk violating their 1941 neutrality pact with Japan. As a result, Doolittle's bombers would be forced to fly 600 miles further and land at . . S/Sgt. The U.S. would carry out an air attack on Tokyo itself. The daring and dramatic raid stunned Japan, revived American morale, and signaled a new course for the . A second plan was for a dawn takeoff, an early morning bombing, and landings in China before dark. Two crews were captured by Japanese forces in China after bailing out, one near the coast and one near Lake Poyang. Erwin Rommels Afrika Korps was running riot in North Africa, and the Luftwaffe was subjecting Britains cities to a sustained bombing campaign. Each Raider's name was engraved on his goblet both right side up and upside down. At that point, visibility was almost zero, and the raiders were flying entirely on instruments. Despite the loss of these 15 aircraft, 69 airmen escaped capture or death, with only three killed in action. Lieutenant Henry L. Miller, a U.S. Navy flight instructor from nearby Naval Air Station Pensacola, supervised their takeoff training and accompanied the crews to the launch. B-25 bombers were to take off about 450 miles from japan under the direction of Lt. Col. James H. Doolittle. [32] The boat was sunk by gunfire from USSNashville. Hornet. Several of the planes reported seeing large fires as a result of incendiary bombs, while high explosive ordnance did visible damage to factories, ammunition dumps, naval facilities, and military barracks. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. What areas did the Doolittle Raid target? Of the 16 crews involved, 14 returned to the United States or reached the safety of American forces, though one man was killed while bailing out. Three of these were high-explosive munitions and one was a bundle of incendiaries. At the end of both the video and the book, DeShazer after the war meets Mitsuo Fuchida, the commander and lead pilot of the Pearl Harbor attack. Although skies had been clear over Japan, bad weather set in over the East China Sea. What Happened to the Doolittle Raid Pilots? | RealClearHistory ThreeLieut. In November 1942, it deployed overseas to North Africa, where it operated in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations with the Twelfth Air Force for the remainder of the war. The Doolittle Raid: America's Daring First Strike Against Japan - Goodreads [76], The "final toast to fallen comrades" by the surviving raiders took place at the NMUSAF on 9 November 2013, preceded by a B-25 flyover, and was attended by Richard Cole, Edward Saylor, and David Thatcher. A total of 16 B-25s were flown to NAS Alameda, California on 31 March. Each plane would carry 2,000 pounds (900 kg) of either incendiary or high explosive bombs, depending on the target assignment. The Japanese press claimed that nine had been shot down, but there were no pictures of crashed planes. The bomber, which North American Aviation presented to the Raiders in 1958, rests on a reproduction of Hornet's flight deck. Many targets were strafed by the bombers' nose gunners. [15], On 25 March 1942, the remaining 22 B-25s took off from Eglin for McClellan Field, California. The concept for the attack came from Navy Captain Francis S. Low, Assistant Chief of Staff for antisubmarine warfare. It was one of six American carrier raids against Japan and Japanese-held territories conducted in the first half of 1942 as part of the undertaken strategy. Corrections? This would have put the B-25s over their targets near dawn, maximizing surprise and providing good visibility for bombing, as well as permitting the raiders to arrive at their destinations in China well before dusk. US intelligence didn't know about the ring of sentry boats anchored 650 miles off Japan's shores. This plan was scuttled by the Navy, which felt that a nighttime takeoff was inadvisable and that lighting up the flight deck of a carrier while in enemy waters was an invitation to disaster. Doolittle's Raider: The North American B-25 Mitchell The Imperial Japanese Navy also bore a special responsibility for allowing an American aircraft carrier force to approach the Japanese Home Islands in a manner similar to the IJN fleet to Hawaii in 1941, and permitting it to escape undamaged. Aware that American airmen had crash-landed in the Chinese border regions of Zhejiang and Jiangxi and received aid, the Japanese army launched a retaliatory campaign that decimated entire villages where civilians were suspected of assisting the airmen. York would later report that he and his crew had been treated well by the Soviet authorities. Chinese estimates put the civilian death toll at 250,000. Cole was the last survivor of the 80 Doolittle raiders who executed America's first strikes against the Japanese in World War II. [clarification needed] Eight Raiders were captured, but their fate was not fully known until 1946. Hornet and Task Force 18 got underway from San Francisco Bay at 08:48 on 2 April with the 16 bombers in clear view. This book tracks the preparation of the raid, the raid itself and the aftermath of each of the crews that participated. [75], On 18 April 2013, a final reunion for the surviving Raiders was held at Eglin Air Force Base, with Robert Hite the only survivor unable to attend. TO COL. DOOLITTLE AND GALLANT COMMAND, GOOD LUCK AND GOD BLESS YOU. At the same time, Halsey launched his own aircraft to engage the Japanese surface vessels in the area. Enterprise's fighters and scout planes provided protection for the entire task force in the event of a Japanese air attack, since Hornet's fighters were stowed below decks to allow the B-25s to use the flight deck. Due to bad weather on China coast, believe all airplanes wrecked. Richard Cole, 103, Last Survivor of Doolittle Raid on Japan, Dies On Oct. 19, 1942, the Japanese broadcast that they had tried two crews of the Tokyo Raid and had sentenced them to death, but that a larger number of them had received commutation of their sentences to life imprisonment and a lesser number had been executed. Dubbed the 20-cent sight due to the low cost of its materials, Greenings bombsight was also significantly smaller than the bulky Norden, an important consideration for a mission where fuel economy was a greater priority than bombing accuracy. Japanese officials reported the two aircraft whose crews were captured had struck their targets. The VHS video DeShazer including film footage of Doolittle and the flight preparations, along with the B-25s launching, is the story of missionary Sergeant Jake DeShazer of B-25 No. Of the 16 planes and 80 airmen who participated in the raid, all either crash-landed, were ditched, or crashed after their crews bailed out, with the single exception of Capt. The Hornets flight deck was covered with the raiders B-25s, so aerial patrolling and reconnaissance was left to the aircraft of the Enterprise. The true details of the raid were revealed to the public one year later, in April 1943. On April 1, 1942, 16 modified B-25s were loaded onto the flight deck of the Hornet at Naval Air Station Alameda, and the carrier steamed out of San Francisco Bay under the cover of a heavy fog the following day. The Raiders drank a toast using a bottle of cognac that accompanied the goblets to each Raider reunion. [17] The raid was immediately approved and the 17th Bombardment Group (Medium) was chosen to provide the pool of crews from which volunteers would be recruited. While Japanese planners had not ruled out the possibility of a strike on the home islands, the reality of American bombers in Tokyos skies forced them to accelerate the expansion of their defensive perimeter. David M. Jones, would cover central Tokyo; the third flight, led by Capt. General James Harold "Jimmy" Doolittle (1896-1993) was a pioneering pilot, aeronautical engineer, combat leader and military strategist whose career stretched from World War I to the height of. Vincent Riotta played Jimmy Doolittle.[102]. During World War II in the Pacific Theater, she launched the Doolittle Raid on Tokyo and participated in the Battle of Midway and the Buin-Faisi-Tonolai raid. [77], Seven other men, including Lt. Miller and raider historian Col. Carroll V. Glines, are considered honorary Raiders for their efforts for the mission. In January 1942 U.S. Navy Capt. The Japanese biological warfare Unit 731 brought almost 300 pounds of paratyphoid and anthrax to be left in contaminated food and contaminated wells with the withdrawal of the army from areas around Yushan, Kinhwa and Futsin. The 17th Bomb Group, from which the Doolittle Raiders had been recruited, received replacement crews and transferred to Barksdale Army Air Field in June 1942, where it converted to Martin B-26 Marauder medium bombers. Doolittle was promoted to brigadier general and awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor, and the Army Air Forces used the raid as an effective recruiting tool. Japanese bombers devastated Chuchow, and Kiangsis provincial capital of Nancheng (Nanchang) was razed, its population annihilated. Three died on 3 June 1942 when their B-25s collided with a mountain in poor weather after bombing Lashio airfield in Burma, and two others on 18 October in the takeoff crash of their B-25 from Dinjan, India, on a bombing mission. Cole was Jimmy Doolittle's co-pilot in the lead plane of an important mission in the history of air power, the bombing raid on Japan in retaliation for its attack on Pearl Harbor. Barr had been near death when liberated and remained behind in China recuperating until October, by which time he had begun to experience severe emotional problems. The film's portrayal of the planning of the raid, the air raid itself, and the raid's aftermath, is not historically accurate.[99][100]. [10] Doolittle, a famous military test pilot, civilian aviator, and aeronautical engineer before the war, was assigned to Army Air Forces Headquarters to plan the raid. Six schools and an army hospital were also hit. Doolittle Raid: America's WWII attack on Tokyo | Live Science At the subsequent Battle of Midway (June 36, 1942), U.S. naval air power destroyed Japans first-line carrier strength and reversed the tide of the war in the Pacific. Aftermath: How the Doolittle Raid Shook Japan - HistoryNet Marc Mitscher, he would take overall command of the naval force. Doolittle's first report on the plan suggested that the bombers might land in Vladivostok, shortening the flight by 600 nautical miles (1,100km) on the basis of turning over the B-25s as Lend-Lease. The Doolittle Raid seventy-five years ago was more than one of history's most momentous air attacks. The 17th not only was the first medium bomb group of the Army Air Corps, but in early 1942, also had the most experienced B-25 crews. William Dieter, and Corp. Donald Fitzmaurice. Because Halsey outranked Hornet skipper Capt. Donald E. Fitzmaurice of Hallmark's crew, were found to have drowned when their B-25 crashed into the sea. It was the first American air operation to strike the Japanese archipelago. The Doolittle Raiders held an annual reunion almost every year from the late 1940s to 2013. Lieut. The aircraft and crews for the mission were selected from the 17th Bombardment Group. Their escape was, in fact, an elaborate NKVD operation that had been staged to repatriate the Americans while giving the Soviets plausible deniability with the Japanese, with whom they were still nonbelligerent. William Farrow, and Sgt. With his fuel almost gone, he ordered his crew to bail out. [note 8][15]. [31], At 07:38 on the morning of 18 April, while the task force was still about 650 nautical miles (1,200km; 750mi) from Japan (around .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}35N 154E / 35N 154E / 35; 154), it was sighted by the Japanese picket boat No. Finally, as Doolittle noted in his autobiography, he successfully insisted that all of the Raiders receive a promotion. [51] People who aided the airmen were tortured before they were killed. [note 10] Nine crew members served in the European Theater of Operations; one was killed in action, and one, David M. "Davy" Jones, was shot down and became a POW in Stalag Luft III at Sagan, where he played a part in The Great Escape. In China, a memorial hall honoring the Doolittle Raiders and the Chinese who provided them with assistance in aftermath of the raid is located at the city of Jiangshan in Quzhou, Zhejiang.[89][90]. World War II: The Doolittle Raid - ThoughtCo Pop Quiz: 17 Things to Know About World War II. The range of the Mitchell was about 1,300 miles, so the bombers had to be modified to hold nearly twice the normal fuel reserves. Under the final plan, 16 B-25B Mitchell medium bombers, each with a crew of five, were launched from the US Navy aircraft carrier USSHornet, in the Pacific Ocean. Dean Hallmark, Lieut. This would culminate in the planned invasion of the Midway Islands in the central Pacific. Less than a month later, the Japanese forces put what remained of the city to the torch. It was also one of the most economical. In early June 1942 the Japanese launched an offensive into Chekiang and Kiangsi (Jiangxi), and the brutality directed at the civilian population drew comparisons to the Nanjing Massacre. " evoking memories of the infamous Rape of Nanjing five years before. Embassy staff were "very happy and proud" and the British said that they "drank toasts all day to the American flyers". Two of the missing crewmen, bombardier S/Sgt. The Doolittle Raid targeted multiple areas of Tokyo as well as other major Japanese cities, such as Yokohama, Yokosuka, Nagoya, saka, and Kbe. Doolittle leads air raid on Tokyo - HISTORY Consequently, in accordance with international law, the crew members were interned, despite official US requests for their release, and the B-25 was impounded. [92] Four B-25s were approved by the US Navy for the reenactment with two selected. Doolittle Raid - NHHC Francis S. Low approached Adm. Ernest King with the idea of launching U.S. Army Air Forces bombers from the deck of an aircraft carrier. Several false alarms followed, and in poorer districts people rushed into the streets shouting and gesticulating, losing their normal "iron control" over their emotions and showing a "tendency to panic". A Man With a Mission : Long Search for Missing B-25 From Doolittle's On 6 April 1942, six Mitchells bombed, 1st Lt. Richard Joyce was to have flown this aircraft back to the mainland with Navy Lieut. [65][66] Nagumo and his staff on Akagi heard that an American force was near Japan but expected an attack on the next day. In mid-1943, they were allowed to cross the border into Allied-occupied Iran. [82][83] Hite was the last living prisoner of the Doolittle Raid. [15], Fifteen of the 16 aircraft then proceeded southwest off the southeastern coast of Japan and across the East China Sea toward eastern China. However, the Doolittle's raiders had to find their way on to China, and then hope to find allies on the ground in a country full of Japanese occupying forces. Chinese airfield crews recounted that due to the unexpectedly early arrivals of the B-25s, homing beacon and runway torch lights were not on for fear of possible Japanese airstrikes as happened before. He reported to Admiral Ernest J. Four Japanese officers were tried for war crimes against the captured Doolittle Raiders, found guilty, and sentenced to hard labor, three for five years and one for nine years. The video is based on The Amazing Story of Sergeant Jacob De Shazer: The Doolittle Raider Who Turned Missionary by C. Hoyt Watson. From that point they tried to avoid contact with various civilian and military craft that appeared on the water. William J. Dieter and flight engineer Sgt. York after emergency landing in the Soviet Union, In order of launching, the 16 aircraft were:[21], On 1 April 1942, the 16 modified bombers, their five-man crews, and Army maintenance personnel, totaling 71 officers and 130 enlisted men,[note 4][20][26] were loaded onto Hornet at Naval Air Station Alameda in California. Omissions? Doolittle and his crew, after parachuting into China, received assistance from Chinese soldiers and civilians, as well as John Birch, an American missionary in China. One, Lieut. On April 18, 1942, 16 carrier-based U.S. bombers struck the Japanese capital city, taking off from the flying deck of the U.S.S. The Second Sino-Japanese War had reached something of a stalemate in 1942, but the Doolittle Raid highlighted the threat posed by airfields in Nationalist-controlled territory along the Chinese coast. An estimated 14 tons of bombs were dropped on the Japanese mainland during the raid, and air crews claimed hits on virtually all of the assigned primary targets. The most extensive display of Doolittle Raid memorabilia is at the National Museum of the United States Air Force (on Wright-Patterson Air Force Base) in Dayton, Ohio. Several authentically dressed mannequins surround the aircraft, including representations of Doolittle, Hornet Captain Marc Mitscher, and groups of Army and Navy men loading the bomber's bombs and ammunition. When their remains were recovered after the war, Farrow, Hallmark, and Meder were buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery. The 16th aircraft, commanded by Capt. He was given a life sentence but was paroled in 1954. The submarine's mission is to enter Tokyo Bay undetected and place a landing party ashore to obtain weather information vital to the upcoming Doolittle raid. Removal of the liaison radio set to save weight. Doolittle Raid, (April 18, 1942), during World War II, U.S. Army Air Forces bombing raid on Tokyo and other Japanese cities. The other eight were captured: 1st Lt. Dean E. Hallmark, 1st Lt. William G. Farrow, 1st Lt. Robert J. Meder, 1st Lt. Chase Nielsen, 1st Lt. Robert L. Hite, 2nd Lt. George Barr, Cpl. Around 1,700 Japanese troops died out of a total 10,000 Japanese soldiers who fell ill with disease when their biological weapons attack rebounded on their own forces.
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