which japanese cities were bombed in ww2

Three bomb runs were made over the next 50 minutes, burning fuel and exposing the aircraft repeatedly to the heavy defenses around Kokura, but the bombardier was unable to drop visually. Part III (note 24)", "March 9, 1945: Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy", "Bombings Worse than Nagasaki and Hiroshima", "1945 Tokyo Firebombing Left Legacy of Terror, Pain", "Canada's Role in the Atomic Bomb Programs of the United States, Britain, France and India", "History of 509th Composite Group 313th Bombardment Wing Twentieth Air Force Activation to August 15, 1945", "Minutes of 3rd Target Committee Meeting 28May 1945", "The Nagasaki atomic bomb damage records, Part 2 Section 1 Chapter 1: Period leading up to the atomic bombing", "History of 509th Composite Group 313th Bombardment Wing Twentieth Air Force Activation to 15 August 1945", "Atomic Bomb: Decision Target Committee, May 1011, 1945", "The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II, A Collection of Primary Sources", "The Information War in the Pacific, 1945 Paths to Peace", "Minutes of a Meeting of the Combined Policy Committee", "U. S. Strategic Bombing Survey: The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki", "Literary Fallout: The legacies of Hiroshima and Nagasaki", "Timeline #2 the 509th; The Hiroshima Mission", "Timeline #2- the 509th; The Hiroshima Mission", "Rare Photo of the Mushroom Cloud Over Hiroshima Discovered in a Former Japanese Elementary School", "The Yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki Explosions", "The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima, Aug6, 1945", "Radiation Dose Reconstruction U.S. During this visit he approved a proposal for XXI Bomber Command to I have told the Sec. An advance party of the air echelon, consisting of 29 officers and 61 enlisted men, flew by C-54 to North Field on Tinian, between 15 and 22 May. The 393d Bombardment Squadron B-29 Enola Gay, named after Tibbets's mother and piloted by Tibbets, took off from North Field, Tinian, about six hours' flight time from Japan. Firing off every flare on board to alert the field to his emergency landing, the Bockscar came in fast, landing at 230km/h (140mph) instead of the normal 190 kilometres per hour (120mph). There were also many improvements to their performance that had been suggested or recommended, but that had not been possible under the pressure of wartime development. [54] Fears that a German atomic bomb project would develop atomic weapons first, especially among scientists who were refugees from Nazi Germany and other fascist countries, were expressed in the EinsteinSzilard letter in 1939. [38] Under pressure from United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) headquarters in Washington, LeMay changed tactics and decided that low-level incendiary raids against Japanese cities were the only way to destroy their production capabilities, shifting from precision bombing to area bombardment with incendiaries. [330], However, critics of the bombings have cited a belief that atomic weapons are fundamentally immoral, that the bombings were war crimes, and that they constituted state terrorism. [140] The release at 08:15 (Hiroshima time) went as planned, and the Little Boy containing about 64kg (141lb) of uranium-235 took 44.4 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at about 9,400 meters (31,000ft) to a detonation height of about 580 meters (1,900ft) above the city. [213] The resulting explosion released the equivalent energy of 212kt (87.98.4TJ). Bombing of Tokyo Coordinates: 3541N 13946E The Bombing of Tokyo (, Tkydaiksh) was a series of firebombing air raids by the United States Army Air Force [279], Cancers do not immediately emerge after exposure to radiation; instead, radiation-induced cancer has a minimum latency period of some five years and above, and leukemia some two years and above, peaking around six to eight years later. [135], During the night of 56 August, Japanese early warning radar detected the approach of numerous American aircraft headed for the southern part of Japan. Elder sister and younger brother who suffered radiation disease. [42] The firebombing of Tokyo, codenamed Operation Meetinghouse, on 910 March killed an estimated 100,000 people and destroyed 41km2 (16sqmi) of the city and 267,000 buildings in a single night. Lack of raw materials forced the Japanese war economy into a steep decline after the middle of 1944. The Bombing of Fort Stevens and the Lookout Air Raids. President's Secretary's File, Truman Papers", "Statements by China and the United States of America during the Inscription of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial (Genbaku Dome)", "A Photo-Essay on the Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki", University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, "The Hiroshima Mushroom Cloud That Wasn't", "Heart of Hiroshima Wiped Out as by Giant Bulldozer", "Americans Killed by Atomic Bomb to be Honored in Hiroshima", "Hidden History: American POWS Were Killed in Hiroshima", "Sheryl P. Walter Declassified/Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 20 Mar 2014 Sheryl P. Walter Declassified/Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 20 Mar 2014", National Archives and Records Administration, "The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki", "Statement by the President Announcing the Use of the A-Bomb at Hiroshima", "Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing Timeline", "Timeline #3- the 509th; The Nagasaki Mission", "The Untold Story of How Japanese Steel Workers Saved Their City From the Atomic Bomb", "Steel mill worker reveals blocking view of U.S. aircraft on day of Nagasaki atomic bombing", "Spitzer Personal Diary Page 25 (CGP-ASPI-025)", "Eyewitness Account of Atomic Bomb Over Nagasaki", "Photos of Hiroshima and Nagasaki after the bombing, from a 1946 US report", "Nagasaki memorial adds British POW as A-bomb victim", "Two Dutch POWs join Nagasaki bomb victim list", "How Effective Was Navajo Code? "[249], On 10 August 1945, the day after the Nagasaki bombing, military photographer Ysuke Yamahata, correspondent Higashi, and artist Yamada arrived in the city with instructions to record the destruction for propaganda purposes. [257][253], A member of the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey, Lieutenant Daniel McGovern, used a film crew to document the effects of the bombings in early 1946. Parsons said that Project Alberta would have it ready by 11 August, but Tibbets pointed to weather reports indicating poor flying conditions on that day due to a storm, and asked if the bomb could be readied by 9 August. At the time of the attack, the population was approximately 340,000350,000. [261], The book Hiroshima, written by Pulitzer Prize winner John Hersey, which was originally published in article form in the popular magazine The New Yorker,[262] on 31 August 1946, is reported to have reached Tokyo in English by January 1947, and the translated version was released in Japan in 1949. The Emperor's palace in Tokyo has a greater fame than any other target but is of least strategic value."[77]. cities By 30 June 1946, there were components for nine atomic bombs in the US arsenal, all Fat Man devices identical to the one used in the bombing of Nagasaki. [47], The Japanese military was unable to stop the Allied attacks and the country's civil defense preparations proved inadequate. If such an open test were made first and failed to bring surrender, the chance would be gone to give the shock of surprise that proved so effective. [349] In the decades after Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the United States would threaten to use its nuclear weapons many times. Observers aboard the weather planes reported both targets clear. [321] The city was rebuilt after the war, with help from the national government through the Hiroshima Peace Memorial City Construction Law passed in 1949. At the time, the doctors had no idea what the cause was and were unable to effectively treat the condition. [82][83] On 25 July, Nagasaki was put on the target list in place of Kyoto. By July 1945, the Allies' Manhattan Project had produced two types of atomic bombs: "Fat Man", a plutonium implosion-type nuclear weapon; and "Little Boy", an enriched uranium gun-type fission weapon. Aircraft flying from Allied aircraft carriers and the Ryukyu Islands also regularly struck targets in Japan during 1945 in preparation for Operation Downfall. [147], People on the ground reported a pika ()a brilliant flash of lightfollowed by a don ()a loud booming sound. In 1945, the Pacific War between the Empire of Japan and the Allies entered its fourth year. [17], The Americans were alarmed by the Japanese buildup, which was accurately tracked through Ultra intelligence. Some 17,00022,000 others who worked in other war plants and factories in the city died as well. Japanese officials determined that 69 percent of Hiroshima's buildings were destroyed and another 6 to 7 percent damaged. All Nippon Eigasha's reels were confiscated by the American authorities, but they were requested by the Japanese government, and declassified. [12] Four veteran divisions were withdrawn from the Kwantung Army in Manchuria in March 1945 to strengthen the forces in Japan,[13] and 45 new divisions were activated between February and May 1945. Hirohito simply replied, "Of course. [221] At least 35,00040,000 people were killed and 60,000 others injured. [71] The 509th Composite Group's 393d Bombardment Squadron was equipped with 15 Silverplate B-29s. It read: "Cloud cover less than 3/10th at all altitudes. James Orr wrote that this idea became the accepted position in Japan and that it may have played some part in the decision making of the US government. He was confirmed to be 3km (1.9mi) from ground zero in Hiroshima on a business trip when the bomb was detonated. [95] Three versions were printed of a leaflet listing 11 or 12 cities targeted for firebombing; a total of 33 cities listed. [33][34], Hansell's successor, Major General Curtis LeMay, assumed command in January 1945 and initially continued to use the same precision bombing tactics, with equally unsatisfactory results. Nearly one million of the casualties occurred during the last year of the war, from June 1944 to June 1945. Casualty predictions varied widely, but were extremely high. The Fat Man weapon, containing a core of about 5kg (11lb) of plutonium, was dropped over the city's industrial valley. However, Neel and others noted that in approximately 50 humans who were of an early gestational age at the time of the bombing and who were all within about 1 kilometre (0.62mi) of the hypocenter, an increase in microencephaly and anencephaly was observed upon birth, with the incidence of these two particular malformations being nearly 3 times what was to be expected when compared to the control group in Kure, where approximately 20 cases were observed in a similar sample size. Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki - Wikipedia Of the 117,000 Okinawan and Japanese troops defending Okinawa in April to June 1945, 94 percent were killed;[6] 7,401 Japanese soldiers surrendered, an unprecedentedly large number. WW2 U.S. industrial production was overwhelmingly superior to Japan's. [5] In April 1945, American forces landed on Okinawa, where heavy fighting continued until June. [259] The public release of film footage of the city post-attack, and some research about the effects of the attack, was restricted during the occupation of Japan,[260] but the Hiroshima-based magazine, Chugoku Bunka, in its first issue published on 10 March 1946, devoted itself to detailing the damage from the bombing. [233] Takashi Nagai was a doctor working in the radiology department of Nagasaki Medical College Hospital. [178], The staff officer went to the airport and took off for the southwest. He was seriously burnt on his left side and spent the night in Hiroshima. [141] The weapon was considered very inefficient, with only 1.7 percent of its material fissioning. real_guacman 10 mo. America's reserves of manpower were running out. The reports from Nakashima and Burchett informed the public for the first time of the gruesome effects of radiation and nuclear falloutradiation burns and radiation poisoning, sometimes lasting more than thirty days after the blast. Japanese cities attacked by B-29 bombers during World War II In mid-June Arnold visited LeMay's headquarters at Saipan. The declaration was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender, the Allies would attack Japan, resulting in "the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitably the utter devastation of the Japanese homeland". Major cities such as Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Yokohama, and Kobe were all targeted. [190] Since there was no indication of Japan surrendering,[189] they decided to proceed with dropping another bomb. [326], The role of the bombings in Japan's surrender, and the ethical, legal, and military controversies surrounding the United States' justification for them have been the subject of scholarly and popular debate. [141] Big Stink spotted the explosion from 160 kilometres (100mi) away, and flew over to observe. [287] He also studied the longevity of the children who survived the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, reporting that between 90 and 95 percent were still living 50 years later. International law at the outset of World War II did not specifically forbid the aerial bombardment of cities despite the prior occurrence of such bombing during World War I (19141918), the A medical team from a naval hospital reached the city in the evening, and fire-fighting brigades from the neighboring towns assisted in fighting the fires. Since the bomb detonated in the air, the blast was directed more downward than sideways, which was largely responsible for the survival of the Prefectural Industrial Promotional Hall, now commonly known as the Genbaku (A-bomb) dome, which was only 150m (490ft) from ground zero (the hypocenter). The Firebombing of Japan and its Role in Ending World War II Quantities of phosgene, mustard gas, tear gas and cyanogen chloride were moved to Luzon from stockpiles in Australia and New Guinea in preparation for Operation Olympic, and MacArthur ensured that Chemical Warfare Service units were trained in their use. ago On August 6th the US dropped the first atomic bomb in history on the city of Hiroshima. The attacks initially targeted key industrial facilities but much of the Japanese manufacturing process was carried out in small workshops and private homes. [87], The possibility of a demonstration was raised again in the Franck Report issued by physicist James Franck on 11 June and the Scientific Advisory Panel rejected his report on 16 June, saying that "we can propose no technical demonstration likely to bring an end to the war; we see no acceptable alternative to direct military use." During World War II, the city manufactured weapons for the Japanese military. Instead, Hopkins was flying 64-kilometre (40mi) dogleg patterns. On the contrary, it would make the Japanese ready to interfere with an atomic attack if they could. atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki - Encyclopedia [118], In contrast to Hiroshima, almost all of the buildings were of old-fashioned Japanese construction, consisting of timber or timber-framed buildings with timber walls (with or without plaster) and tile roofs. Deadly WWII firebombings of Japanese cities largely ignored [178], After the Hiroshima bombing, Truman issued a statement announcing the use of the new weapon. [346] Japan reluctantly signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in February 1970,[347] but is still sheltered under the American nuclear umbrella. One Former Captive Knows", "A Veiled Truth: The U.S. Censorship of the Atomic Bomb", "Rescue and Relief Activities | ", "The Achievements of Dr. Takashi Nagai | ", "Imperial Rescript ending war What Hirohito really said in his acceptance speech", "Emperor Hirohito's Surrender Rescript to Japanese Troops", "The Bombing of Nagasaki After Yosuke Yamahata: A collection of 24 photographs taken the day after the bombing, [Japan] 194546", "For one reporter, 1945 visit to Hiroshima was about more than a scoop", "Eighty-Five from the Archive: John Hersey", Japanese Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) 1977, "Transcript of Surreptitiously Taped Conversations among German Nuclear Physicists at Farm Hall (August 67, 1945)", "Vatican Regrets Inventors Did Not Destroy Bomb", "Latest Knowledge on Radiological Effects: Radiation Health Effects of Atomic Bomb Explosions and Nuclear Power Plant Accidents", Medical Effects Of Atomic Bombs The Report Of The Joint Commission For The Investigation Of The Effects Of The Atomic Bomb In Japan Volume 1, "Nuclear fallout medical effects. The committee also planned to establish 30 commemorative plaques in three years. [165] The hospitals were destroyed or heavily damaged. On 24 October 1945, a U.S. military policeman stopped a Nippon Eigasha cameraman from continuing to film in Nagasaki. It was a major military port, one of Japan's largest shipbuilding and repair centers, and an important producer of naval ordnance. [253], The New York Times then apparently reversed course and ran a front-page story by Bill Lawrence confirming the existence of a terrifying affliction in Hiroshima, where many had symptoms such as hair loss and vomiting of blood before dying. The Chief of Staff of the United States Army, General of the Army George Marshall, and the Army Commander in Chief in the Pacific, General of the Army Douglas MacArthur, signed documents agreeing with the Joint War Plans Committee estimate. It was classified "secret" for the next 22 years. A strike on the town's railway station in April 2022 killed 63 people. [113] The core departed from Kirtland Army Air Field on a C-54 transport aircraft of the 509th Composite Group's 320th Troop Carrier Squadron on 26 July, and arrived at North Field 28 July. "The Historiography of Hiroshima: The Rise and Fall of Revisionism. The meeting ended at 17:30, with no decision having been reached. Suzuki went to the palace to report on the outcome of the meeting, where he met with Kichi Kido, the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan. The Allies called for the unconditional surrender of the Imperial Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on 26 July 1945, the alternative being "prompt and utter destruction". [192] By early August, the city was defended by the 134th Anti-Aircraft Regiment of the 4th Anti-Aircraft Division with four batteries of 7cm (2.8in) anti-aircraft guns and two searchlight batteries. This prompted preliminary research in the United States in late 1939. Marshall endorsed the memo with the hand-written comment, "It is not to be released over Japan without express authority from the President",[90] something Truman had requested that day.
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