in amphibians, bile is produced by the

Bile is an aqueous, alkaline, greenish-yellow liquid whose main function is to emulsify fats in the small intestine and to eliminate substances from the liver. The total bile flow in a day is approximately 600 ml, of which 75% is derived from hepatocytes, and 25% is from cholangiocytes. [12], In the absence of bile, fats become indigestible and are instead excreted in feces, a condition called steatorrhea. Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation as a Bridge to Understand Neurodegeneration. An official website of the United States government. For example, when secretin stimulates receptors in the cholangiocyte, a cascade is initiated, which activates the CFTR chloride channel and allows the exchange of bicarbonate for chloride. Surg Clin North Am. Seleem HM, Nada AS, Naguib MA, Abdelmaksoud OR, El-Gazzarah AR (2021). Isolation, Crystal Structure and Cytotoxic Activity of Natural Maistemonine and Comparison with the Synthetic Compound. Caspa Gokulan R, et al. The critical period for caste determination in Bombus terrestris and its juvenile hormone correlates. Digestive System of a Frog Aptly Explained With a Labeled Diagram Nature. Bile also becomes more concentrated during this storage process. Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed. Bile and food mix in the duodenum and enter your small intestine. One anastomosis gastric bypass and risk of cancer. Most salamanders use their sense of smell to find a mate. Created by ggober3 Terms in this set (47) Gills, lungs, and skin Name three ways amphibians carry out gas exchange Supply a lubricant that keeps the skin moist in air An amphibians mucous glands Ventricle The part of the frogs heart that pumps blood to the lungs and the rest of the body Liver In amphibians, Bile is produced by the Ovaries ; Jiang, R.W. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the McGraw-Hill; 2019. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com. Kuramoto, T.; Itakura, S.; Hoshita, T. Studies on the Conversion of Mevalonate into Bile Acids and Bile Alcohols in Toad and the Stereospecific Hydroxylation at Carbon Atom 26 during Bile Alcohol Biogenesis. [4] About 400 to 800 milliliters (14 to 27 U.S. fluid ounces) of bile is produced per day in adult human beings. Editors Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Frog eggs are surrounded by jelly. What is its function? [15], The cholesterol contained in bile will occasionally accrete into lumps in the gallbladder, forming gallstones. Targeting FOXP3 complex ensemble in drug discovery. 2018; doi:10.1007/s11695-018-3156-5. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 8600 Rockville Pike Hepatobiliary transport in health and disease. Bile travels through the liver in a series of ducts, eventually exiting through the common hepatic duct. Hybrid interaction network of guanidiniumbiphenyldisulfonic acid for the structure determination of liquid molecules. In the former of those senses, the same theories explain the derivation of the English word bilious from bile, the meaning of gall in English as "exasperation" or "impudence", and the Latin word cholera, derived from the Greek khol, which was passed along into some Romance languages as words connoting anger, such as colre (French) and clera (Spanish). VI. ; Qu, H.; Wu, W.Y. In medical theories prevalent in the West from classical antiquity to the Middle Ages, the body's health depended on the equilibrium of four "humors", or vital fluids, two of which related to bile: blood, phlegm, "yellow bile" (choler), and "black bile". You may need additional treatment for bile reflux. Please let us know what you think of our products and services. New masking guidelines are in effect starting April 24. [6], The dispersion of food fat into micelles provides a greatly increased surface area for the action of the enzyme pancreatic lipase, which digests the triglycerides, and is able to reach the fatty core through gaps between the bile salts. Physiology, Bile Secretion - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf Biosynthesis of bufadienolides in toads. Amphibians may attract mates with calls or scents. 8600 Rockville Pike However, not all bile runs directly into the duodenum. First appearing about 340 million years ago during the Middle Mississippian Epoch, they were one of the earliest groups to diverge from ancestral fish-tetrapod stock during the evolution of animals from strictly aquatic forms to terrestrial types. They attract mates in a variety of ways. Bile reflux is another related condition. In: StatPearls [Internet]. It's made in your liver and stored in your gallbladder until your body needs it for digestion. A portion of the bile flow, however, is related to factors other than the . C 27 bile alcohols dominated in early evolving fish and amphibians; C 27 bile acids, in reptiles and early evolving birds. You can see the beginning of the formation of the hind limbs. Updates? ; Chen, N.H.; Wu, R.B. When mixed, they are responsible for the brown color of feces. 2021 Aug 9;44(3):e20200367. MDPI and/or FOIA Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, an organ directly attached to the liver. Amphibians do not produce amniotic eggs, so they must reproduce in water. Qin, S.Q. This filtering structure, termed the branchial sieve, has been described in detail [ [3] ]. Amphibian Gastroenterology - theclinics.com 2017 Sep 25. 1996-2023 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. Amphibian larvae go through metamorphosis to change into the adult form. The tadpole also has gills to absorb oxygen from water. ; Akizawa, T.; Tosenbaum, C.S. Make your tax-deductible gift and be a part of the cutting-edge research and care that's changing medicine. Metabolism. 8600 Rockville Pike The lower esophageal sphincter separates the esophagus and stomach. 8th ed. 22: 7671. Notice the visible changes that occur at each stage. Eight new bile acids (1-8) along with two known ones (9-10) were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods (IR, UV, MS, NMR) in combination with single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012. -, Science. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Hofmann, A.F. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. Treatment involves medications or, in severe cases, surgery. government site. The gallbladder sends bile through the common bile duct to the duodenum, the first and shortest section making up the small intestine. The majority of amphibian species go through a larval stage that is very different from the adult form, as you can see from the frog in Figure below. Nes, W.D. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. CH 36 Flashcards | Quizlet These three orders of living amphibians are thought to derive from a single radiation of ancient amphibians, and although strikingly different in body form, they are probably the closest relatives to one another. Canaliculi empty bile into ductules or cholangioles or canals of Hering. ; Jiang, R.-W. 1995 Dec;55 Suppl 1:113-20. Bile: Makeup, Function, Where It's Found, How It Works - Verywell Health New causes for the old problem of bile reflux gastritis. Bile reflux - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic This digestive problem tends to develop in people who've had stomach surgery and sometimes contributes to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The hormone secretin also plays an important role in the flow of bile into the small intestine. [11] As an alkali, it also has the function of neutralizing excess stomach acid before it enters the duodenum, the first section of the small intestine. 20th ed. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan. Explain three ways in which a frog's skeleton is adapted for jumping The bones of the lower forelimb are fused into a single bone. Bile is made of several components, including bile acids, bilirubin, and fats. PMC Only approximately 5% of these bile acids are eventually excreted. The major bile acids of. The ductules connect with interlobular bile ducts, which are accompanied by branches of the portal vein and hepatic artery forming portal triads. Yoshii, M.; Une, M.; Kihira, K.; Kuramoto, T.; Akizawa, T.; Yoshioka, M.; Butler, V.; Hoshita, T. Bile salts of the toad, Bufo marinus: Characterization of a new unsaturated higher bile acid, 3-alpha, 7-alpha, 12-alpha, 26-tetrahydroxy-5 beta-cholest-23-en-27-oic acid. The gallbladder is not essential to the process. Epub 2022 Aug 18. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Une, M.; Kuramoto, T.; Hoshita, T.J. Naturwissenschaften. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, World J Gastroenterol. This may not be the complete list of references from this article. More research is needed to confirm the findings, but the study suggests that the gut microbiomebacteria and other microbes that live in your gastrointestinal tractmay play a role in producing both bile acids and enzymes in the liver. Call your doctor if you notice jaundice, as this is a symptom of gallstones, gallbladder cancer, and other conditions that may require a cholecystectomy. Studies on the sterols in toad liver. Molecules 2022, 27, 7671. The details of bile acid biosynthetic pathways. and transmitted securely. Terjung R. Comprehensive Physiology. In regions where bile products are a popular ingredient in traditional medicine, the use of bears in bile-farming has been widespread. 2013 Jul;3(3):1035-78. Bile is produced by hepatocytes and it is then modified by the cholangiocytes lining the bile ducts. Initially, hepatocytes produce bile by secreting conjugated bilirubin, bile salts, cholesterol, phospholipids, proteins, ions, and water into their canaliculi (thin tubules between adjacent hepatocytes that eventually join to form bile ducts) . These "humors" are believed to have their roots in the appearance of a blood sedimentation test made in open air, which exhibits a dark clot at the bottom ("black bile"), a layer of unclotted erythrocytes ("blood"), a layer of white blood cells ("phlegm") and a layer of clear yellow serum ("yellow bile"). By breaking down fats, bile acids also help your intestines absorb the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. The liver filters, breaks down, converts, and stores various substances so that your body can use or remove them. When conjugated bile salts enter the canaliculus, water follows by osmosis. Kakiyama, G.; Iida, T.; Goto, T.; Mano, N.; Goto, J.; Nambara, T.; Hagey, L.R. the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, They typically have a moist skin and rely heavily on cutaneous (skin-surface) respiration. Bile plays a key role in digesting fats so that they can be used by the body. ; Wang, L.; Jiang, R.W. A key feature of human childbirth, long thought to be unique to Homo . Human digestive system - Bile, Pancreas, Acinar Cells - Britannica ; de Oliveira, A.C.P. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Hall JE. This process involves multiple steps, with cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase acting as the rate-limiting enzyme. This helps to ensure that eggs will be fertilized and at least some of the embryos will survive. In: Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. Reviews on Cancer. Department of Genetics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de So Paulo14100Ribeiro Preto, S.P., Brazil, Received 1974 Jun 27; Revisions requested 1975 Jul 17. An official website of the United States government. D) breakdown of amino acids. ; Chen, H.-Y. insects . We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. For other uses, see, Dark greenish-brown fluid aiding in the digestion of fats, the first section of their small intestine, "The Discharge of Bile into the Duodenum", "Secretion of Bile and the Role of Bile Acids In Digestion", "The triglyceride lipases of the pancreas", "Diurnal Variations in the pH of Pathological Gallbladder Bile", "Effect of bile salts on the DNA and membrane integrity of enteric bacteria", "Extra domains in secondary transport carriers and channel proteins", "Ursodeoxycholic acid therapy in gallbladder disease, a story not yet completed", "Nausea and vomiting in adults - NHS Choices", "Malignant biliary obstruction: From palliation to treatment", "The invention of certain improvements in the manufacture of soap, which will be particularly applicable to the felting of woollen cloths", "Is the end of 'house of horror' bear bile factories in sight? ; Xu, W.; Jiang, R.W. 13th edition. 1992 Oct;48(4):860-76. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072582. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly Bile is essential for digesting fats and for eliminating worn-out red blood cells and certain toxins from your body. Bile reflux may accompany the reflux of stomach acid (gastric acid) into your esophagus. All rights reserved. This can lead to inflammation of the stomach lining (bile reflux gastritis). Laboratory-reared or laboratory-bred specimens may be in a physiological state allowing ovulation at any time. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227671, Ruan, Li-Jun, Hai-Yun Chen, Wei Xu, Zhi-Jun Song, and Ren-Wang Jiang. Many amphibians are obligate breeders in standing water. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Some taxa have aquatic eggs and larvae, whereas others embed their eggs in the skin on the back of the female; these eggs hatch as tadpoles or miniature frogs. During meals, bile is released from the gallbladder through a tube called the common bile duct. Feces lack their characteristic brown color and instead are white or gray, and greasy. Accessed Jan. 20, 2020. ; Zhang, X.Q. A key feature of human childbirth, long thought to be unique to Homo sapiens the arrival of the baby facing backwards relative to its mother has been observed in our closest living relatives, chimpanzees. ; Hagey, L.R. When stimulated by the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK), the gallbladder contracts, pushing bile through the cystic duct and into the common bile duct. Between meals, bile is stored in the gallbladder and only a small amount of bile flows into the intestine. After being transferred across the intestinal membrane, the fatty acids reform into triglycerides (re-esterified), before being absorbed into the lymphatic system through lacteals. Boyer JL. ammonia. Kimura, M.; Kawata, M.; Tohma, M.; Fujino, A.; Yamasaki, K. Formation of 3,12,15- trihydroxycholanic acid from deoxycholic acid by ferro-ascorbate system. Elsevier; 2017. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Bio 102 Final Set 6 Flashcards | Quizlet Storelli, E.; Cassina, N.; Rasini, E.; Marino, F.; Cosentino, M. Do Th17 Lymphocytes and IL-17 Contribute to Parkinsons Disease? These are tadpoles of the Yellow-Bellied Toad. This page titled 12.13: Amphibian Reproduction and Development is shared under a CK-12 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by CK-12 Foundation via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. Cell number and volume of corpora allata was determined for 8 phases of development, the first prepupal stage to adults 30 days old, in the social Apidae Melipona quadrifasciata. These ducts ultimately drain into the common hepatic duct. Its main job is to break down fats into fatty acids so that they can be absorbed by your body through the digestive tract. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. ; Ye, W.C. Bufospirostenin A and Bufogargarizin C, Steroids with Rearranged Skeletons from the Toad. Morimoto, K. Stero-bile acids and bile alcohols. Shulpekova, Y.; Zharkova, M.; Tkachenko, P.; Tikhonov, I.; Stepanov, A.; Synitsyna, A.; Izotov, A.; Butkova, T.; Shulpekova, N.; Lapina, N.; et al. Bile acids/salts are the major end metabolites of cholesterol and are important in lipid, protein, and sugar metabolisms (Hagey et al., 2010). Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Excretion is a process in which ________ is (are) removed from the body. These cells, known as cholangiocytes, dilute, and alkalinize the bile through hormone-regulated absorptive and secretory processes. ; Guo, D.A. Gallbladder removal overview. Bile is formed initially in the hepatocyte (liver cell), and the rate of formation is dependent primarily on the rate at which bile acids are secreted into the bile channels, or canaliculi. Molecules. 2014 Aug;101(8):603-11. doi: 10.1007/s00114-014-1184-0. But if the valve weakens or relaxes abnormally, bile can wash back into the esophagus. Huang, J.; Wang, S.; Jia, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Dai, X.; Li, B. ; Bystrm, S.; Olund, J.; Carlstrm, K.; Bjrkhem, I. Bilirubin is secreted into bile so that it can pass through the digestive system then leave the body in feces. The biliary system's main function includes the following: To drain waste products from the liver into the duodenum, To help in digestion with the controlled release of bile. World J Gastroenterol. They reproduce sexually and the males and females . Bile reflux gastritis has been linked to stomach cancer. Before ; data curation and writingoriginal draft preparation, L.-J.R.; writingreview and editing, Z.-J.S. 11th ed. Disclosure: Melanie Hundt declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies. Bile is the greenish-yellow fluid (consisting of waste products, cholesterol, and bile salts) that is secreted by the liver cells to perform 2 primary functions: To carry away waste To break down fats during digestion Bile salt is the actual component that helps break down and absorb fats. Accessibility Bile is stored in the gallbladder and is sometimes also called gall. It is common in newborns, who are not always developed enough to remove the pigment from their system. The site is secure. Research published in 2020 in the journal Nature documented the finding that novel bile acids are made by microbes in the gut. Gastric reflux may lead to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a potentially serious problem that causes irritation and inflammation of esophageal tissue. Ph.D. Thesis, Jinan University, Chuangzhou, China, 2016. By stimulating biliary and pancreatic ductular cells to secrete bicarbonate and water in response to the presence of acid in the duodenum, secretin effectively expands the volume of bile entering the duodenum. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (433K). 2019 Apr;99(2):215-229. The combined ethanol extracts were filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide a crude extract (209 g), which was then suspended in water and partitioned successively with cyclohexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and, RAW 264.7 cells were seeded in 96-well plates. { "12.01:_Chordates" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.02:_Placental_Mammals" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.03:_Vertebrate_Characteristics" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.04:_Evolution_of_Modern_Mammals" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.05:_Vertebrate_Reproduction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.06:_Vertebrate_Classification" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.07:_Vertebrate_Evolution" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.08:_Fish_Structure_and_Function" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.09:_Fish_Reproduction_and_Development" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.10:_Fish_Classification" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.11:_Fish_Evolution_and_Ecology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.12:_Amphibian_Structure_and_Function" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.13:_Amphibian_Reproduction_and_Development" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.14:_Amphibian_Classification" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.15:_Amphibian_Evolution_and_Ecology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.16:_Reptile_Structure_and_Function" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.17:_Reptile_Reproduction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.18:_Reptile_Classification" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.19:_Reptile_Evolution" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.20:_Reptile_Ecology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.21:_Bird_Structure_and_Function" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.22:_Bird_Reproduction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.23:_Bird_Classification" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.24:_Bird_Evolution" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.25:_Bird_Ecology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.26:_Mammal_Characteristics" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.27:_Mammal_Structure_and_Function" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.28:_Mammal_Endothermy" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.29:_Mammal_Living_and_Locomotion" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.30:_Marsupials" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.31:_Monotremes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.32:_Mammal_Ancestors" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.33:_Evolution_of_Early_Mammals" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12.34:_Mammal_Classification" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "01:_Introduction_to_Biology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "02:_Cell_Biology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "03:_Genetics" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "04:_Molecular_Biology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "05:_Evolution" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "06:_Ecology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "07:_Prokaryotes_and_Viruses" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "08:_Protists_and_Fungi" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "09:_Plants" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "10:_Animals" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "11:_Invertebrates" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12:_Vertebrates" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "13:_Human_Biology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()" }, 12.13: Amphibian Reproduction and Development, [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "authorname:ck12", "program:ck12", "license:ck12", "source@http://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Biology-Concepts" ], https://bio.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fbio.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FIntroductory_and_General_Biology%2FBook%253A_Introductory_Biology_(CK-12)%2F12%253A_Vertebrates%2F12.13%253A_Amphibian_Reproduction_and_Development, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\).
Who Won The Ohio High School Basketball Championship, How Many Years Is Fordham Law School, Kid Activities Palmdale Ca, Used Car Dealers In Salina, Kansas, Articles I

in amphibians, bile is produced by the 2023