countries by arable land per capita

The largest cropland expansion was observed in Africa (by 53.239.4 Mha, or 34%). On the other hand, non-arable land such as mountains, tundra, or desert is often permanently non-arable. The original cropland map time-series has a spatial resolution of 0.00025 per pixel, approximately 30m at the Equator. Japan ranked last for arable land > hectares per 1000 amongst Group of 7 countries (G7) in 2005. . Australia's and the United States' per capita arable land were 26.44 times and t 6.30 times that of China in 2012. Lett. Spatiotemporally consistent satellite observations provide the most accurate and cost-effective solution for global agricultural, land-use mapping and monitoring10. Peter Potapov. 3a) and with 100-m cropland fraction mapped by the Copernicus Moderate Dynamic Land Cover v.3 dataset17 (R2 of 0.96; Extended Data Fig. Definition: Arable land (hectares per person) includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Agricultural policies have primarily benefitted farmers with productive land and access to water, bypassing the majority of small-scale producers who are still locked in a poverty trap of high vulnerability, land degradation and climatic uncertainty. Extended Data Fig. The interpretation legend includes the 20032019 cropland dynamics categories and land-use transition types. From 2003 to 2019, cropland area increased by 9% and cropland NPP by 25%, primarily due to agricultural expansion in Africa and South America. https://www.usgs.gov/centers/wgsc/science/global-food-security-support-analysis-data-30-m-gfsad. 140G0118C0013), the NASA SERVIR program (grant no. China's per capita arable land was only 39.5% of the world's average. Per-capita cropland area reduction can be an indicator of food insecurity in poor countries that rely on subsistence agriculture, whereas rich countries like Saudi Arabia can compensate for cropland area decline with food imports28,29. High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change. Strengthening agricultural decisions in countries at risk of food insecurity: the GEOGLAM Crop Monitor for Early Warning. Stehman, S. V. Estimating area and map accuracy for stratified random sampling when the strata are different from the map classes. Of that total, 11% represents dryland conversion through irrigation, mostly found in south-west and south-east Asia and North America. Proc. If you continue to navigate this website beyond this page, cookies will be placed on your browser. Worldwide statistics based on World Bank's annual reports and forecast to 2025.Data source: World Bank#agricultural land #arable land in the world #arable land by country #arable land on earth #farmland #farmer #arable land #agro***********************Just play Data for Fun!I am a student in the countryside, English is not my native language but I like it. Greenland is the largest country with no arable land, while the smallest nationthe small city-state of Vatican Cityhas none as well. For each 11 Landsat ARD tile (13,451 tiles total), we collected training data for each 4-year interval from the preliminary cropland extent maps within a 3 radius of the target tile, with preference to select stable cropland and non-cropland pixels as training. a Cross-boundary cropland dynamics in Eastern Europe (center at 22.48, 54.35); b Cropland dynamics on the border between Saskatchewan, Canada, and Montana, the USA (center at 106.08, 48.99); c Decline of irrigated cropland area, Saudi Arabia (center at 43.58, 27.14); d Cropland abandonment after 2011 nuclear disaster on Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, Japan (zoom-in image center at 141.03, 37.42). Unsuprisingly, theyre also first . [1] Alternatively, for the purposes of agricultural statistics, [2] the term often has a more precise definition: ISSN 2662-1355 (online). Food and Agriculture Organization. Remote Sens. Comprehensive Tables (UN, 2019). Crist, E., Mora, C. & Engelman, R. The interaction of human population, food production, and biodiversity protection. Remote Sens. The regional boundaries were aligned with national boundaries to enable comparison with national data. Article Google Scholar. Africa Country boundaries are from GADM (https://gadm.org). DRC stands for the Democratic Republic of the Congo. At the national level, the USA had the largest cropland area by 2019, closely followed by India and China (Supplementary Table 4). The per-capita annual cropland NPP also increased globally by 3.5%, balancing the per-capita cropland area reduction. The classification models were locally calibrated using extensive training data collected by visual interpretation of freely available, high-spatial-resolution satellite images. \(s_{ph}^2 = \frac{{\mathop {\sum }\nolimits_{u \in h} \left( {p_u - \bar p_h} \right)^2}}{{n_h - 1}}\) the sample variance for stratum h. We analysed the land-use trajectories of cropland loss and gain using reference sample data within cropland gain and loss strata only. The FAO country reports may include unused arable land and other agricultural land uses10,18, whereas our estimates represent the actively cultivated cropland area. The error bars for sample-based cropland area estimates represent the 95% CI whereas the error bars for NPP represent 1s.d. Improved global cropland data as an essential ingredient for food security. Each sample pixel was interpreted by two experts independently and the disagreements were discussed and resolved by the research team. Remote Sens. Extended Data Fig. Country boundaries are from GADM (https://gadm.org). 1 Regions of analysis. UN General Assembly. The largest net cropland increases were found in Brazil (by 23.1Mha, or 77% increase over year 2003 cropland area) and India (by 15.5Mha or 13%). The Landsat metrics were augmented with elevation data39. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3939050 (2020). Global Change Biol. Sustain. 12, 426 (2020). 20 Countries with Highest Rice Consumption Per Capita 20. Here are the 10 countries with the most arable land: Enter your email below, and you'll receive this table's data in your inbox momentarily. The NPP data represent the four-year average for the 20162019 interval. Although NPP cannot be used to directly estimate yields, as a measure of vegetation productivity it can be used as an indicator of intensification of crop production. The population data were related to our sample-based (for global and regional estimates) and map-based (for national estimates) cropland area to estimate per-capita cropland area and change. Satellite data have been shown to enable national and global agriculture mapping11,12,13,14,15,16,17. See, L. et al. South-east Asia had the smallest 2019 per-capita cropland area (0.08ha per person), whereas Australia and New Zealand had the largest (1.34ha per person). The other half of cropland expansion (51%) was due to pasture conversion and recultivation of abandoned arable land. 7, 024021 (2012). Environ. Remote Sens. 1) are aligned with country boundaries, we were able to summarize the regional population totals from national data. In addition, mapping change was shown to be more difficult, with accuracies generally lower across all regions. Chart of Arable Land and Population. and JavaScript. For each 4-year interval, we created a single annualized gap-free 16-day observation time-series. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded. Global Food Security 4, 3745 (2015). Cereal, forage and hay production land of the northern Great Plains has different dynamics within Canada, where we observed land abandonment or conversion to permanent pastures, and the USA, where land management has been intensified. Arable land (hectares per person) includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Arable land (hectares per person) from The World Bank: Data of the estimated users/producers accuracy, expressed as a percentage. It is expected to be 9.2 billion in 2050 (Fig 1). Gibbs, H. K. et al. The bagged decision tree results in a per-pixel cropland probability layer, which has a threshold of 0.5 to obtain a cropland map. Mali. The cross-boundary distribution of major cropland areas and synchronous cropland dynamics illustrate the importance of international cooperation to ensure global progress towards SDGs. In this way, we created spatially consistent inputs for each of the 4-year intervals. Natl Acad. Arable land needed to produce a fixed quantity of crops, Area of land needed to meet global vegetable oil demand, Change in cereal production, yield, land use and population, Extent of foraging, hunting and gathering. Oceania The Landsat ARD were generated from the entire Landsat archive from 1997 to 2019. Science 342, 850853 (2013). Domestic production provides a foundation for food security in wealthy countries, usually located in areas with favorable conditions for agriculture (including North America, Australia, New Zealand, Kazakhstan) and in countries which, though characterized by a relatively small area of arable land per capita, demonstrate high production intensity. Sample reference data were collected through visual interpretation of Landsat time-series data and higher-spatial-resolution satellite images. In Brazil and Paraguay, the Copernicus cropland fraction dataset shows almost twice the size of cropland area compared with our estimate. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded. From 2003 to 2019, the global population increased by 21% from 6.4 billion to 7.7 billion21. Only land pixels were considered; pixels labelled as permanent water and snow/ice in the Landsat ARD data quality layer were excluded. The annual NPP data were resampled to our Landsat ARD data grid and were overlaid with the corresponding 4-year cropland maps to calculate total and per-unit area NPP for each region and each year. Int. A.P. The differences between national cropland estimates for selected countries may be attributed to different factors. We found that the mean NPP per unit area within stable croplands (croplands presented over the entire 20002019 interval) increased by 10%, from 402g Cm2year1 in 2003 to 442g Cm2year1 in 2019. The FAO arable land change confirms our findings: both datasets demonstrate a net increase in global cropland area, with Africa and South America showing the largest net gains. Sample interpretation was performed visually using available remotely sensed data time-series, including Landsat ARD 16-day data, composites of selected multitemporal metrics and high-resolution images provided by Google Earth (Supplementary Fig. One hectare is equal to 2.471 acres. | The current global population is 7.6 billion. }}\left( {\hat A} \right)\) is the s.e.m. Rankings of Countries in Terms of Energy, Per Capita Arable Land, Water Extended Data Fig. Regions with per-capita cropland area and cropland NPP above the global average include the largest grain- and soybean-exporting countries (Australia, Argentina, Brazil, USA and Russia). Definition: Arable land (hectares per person) includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. In the top spot was India, which devoted almost 53 percent of its land area to crops and tallied 156.4 million hectares of arable land. & Befort, B. L. Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. The global irrigated area has doubled over the same period, accounting for most of the net increase in cultivated land. Regional-to-local scale examples of cropland dynamics, 20002019. Extended Data Fig. This site uses cookies to optimize functionality and give you the best possible experience. Here are the 10 countries with the most arable land: United States - 157.7M Hectares India - 156.1M Hectares Russia - 121.6M Hectares China - 119.5M Hectares Brazil - 55.8M Hectares Canada - 38.6M Hectares Nigeria - 34M Hectares Ukraine - 32.9M Hectares Argentina - 32.6M Hectares Australia - 30.6M Hectares Abandonment or conversion to other land uses affected 10% of the 2003 cropland area (115.524.1Mha). Sci. A probability-based sample analysis is the recommended good practice approach30 to estimating the extent of and change in land cover and land use, including croplands. Netherlands arable land for 2020 was 1,004,830, a 0.62% decline from 2019. }}\left( {\hat O} \right)\), \(s_{yh}^2 = \mathop {\sum }\limits_{u \in h} \left( {y_u - \bar y_h} \right)^2/(n_h - 1).\), $$\hat R = \frac{{\mathop {\sum }\nolimits_{h = 1}^H N_h\bar y_h}}{{\mathop {\sum }\nolimits_{h = 1}^H N_h\bar x_h}} \times 100$$, $${\mathrm{s.e. Per-capita cropland area decreased almost twofold in Niger, which experienced high population growth and slow cropland expansion. In contrast, cropland expansion in South America decelerated by 2019, with an annual expansion rate reduced by almost half compared with the 20042007 interval. Food security and food self-sufficiency around the world: A - PubMed The cropland extent map, integrated with other high spatial and temporal resolution data, such as forest change36 and surface water extent37, can provide a comprehensive overview of human-induced environmental change, which supports assessing the progress of individual countries towards SDGs. 26, 341358 (2011). Major lowland regions of the world have been converted to homogeneous agricultural landscapes, including the Great Plains in North America, the Pampas in South America, the Pontic steppe in Europe, north China and the Manchurian Plains in east Asia, the Indo-Gangetic Plain in south Asia, parts of the Sahel region in Africa and south-east Australia. Cropland extent is a key variable required to estimate emissions from agriculture and is, therefore, a part of the essential climate variables required for monitoring and modelling the Earths climate34. We included every 11 grid cell that contains cropland area according to the GFSAD. CAS As the regional models applied at the second stage were calibrated using 20162019 data alone, classification errors may arise due to Landsat data inconsistencies before 2016. If no clear-sky data were available for a 16-day interval, we filled the missing reflectance values using linear interpolation. Australia and New Zealand, as well as south-west Asia, displayed moderate cropland expansion (<0% of the 2003 area). Tilman, D., Balzer, C., Hill, J. }}\left( {\hat R} \right) = \sqrt {\frac{1}{{\hat X^2}}\mathop {\sum }\limits_{h = 1}^H N_h^2\left( {1 - \frac{{n_h}}{{N_h}}} \right)\left( {s_{yh}^2 + \hat R^2s_{xh}^2 - 2\hat Rs_{xyh}} \right)/n_h} \times 100$$, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00429-z. }}\left( {\hat R} \right) = \sqrt {\frac{1}{{\hat X^2}}\mathop {\sum }\limits_{h = 1}^H A_h^2\left( {1 - \frac{{n_h}}{{N_h}}} \right)\left( {s_{yh}^2 + \hat R^2s_{xh}^2 - 2\hat Rs_{xyh}} \right)/n_h} \times 100$$, \({\mathrm{s.e. An increase in per-capita cropland area was observed only in South America, while it decreased in all other continents (Fig. nh the sample size (number of sample pixels) in stratum h. The s.e.m. Top 20 Countries by Arable Land Per Capita (m, 1961-2025)Timeline of the Top 20 Countries by Arable Land Per Capita from 1961 to 2025. CAS The 2003 and 2019 total cropland area, stable crops, gross cropland loss and gain, and net change were estimated within each region separately, and for the entire world using equation (1). Country boundaries are from GADM (https://gadm.org). ADS Thus, inappropriate use of inputs for agricultural production has far-reaching effects. The complete list of input metrics is presented in Supplementary Table 1. The s.d. The presented global, high-resolution, cropland map time-series supports monitoring of natural land appropriation at the local, national and international levels. The analysis was performed separately for each of the seven regions outlined in Extended Data Fig. DEFINITION: Arable land (hectares per person). . 2021, 784792 (2021). Cropland area was mapped for each 4-year interval. 4 MODIS-derived annual NPP within the mask of cropland for the 20162019 interval. | 20 Countries with Highest Rice Consumption Per Capita - Yahoo Finance MATH where \(\hat A\) is the estimated cropland/cropland change area, \(\bar p_h = \frac{{\mathop {\sum }\nolimits_{u \in h} p_u}}{{n_h}}\)the mean cropland/cropland change proportion of samples in stratum h; and. Per-country cropland area derived from our 2019 satellite-based map can be compared against the FAOs arable land estimates for 2018 (ref. Mach. A combined ratio estimator for stratified random sampling43 was employed to estimate the percentages (equation (3)). }}\left( {\hat A} \right) = \sqrt {\mathop {\sum }\limits_{h = 1}^H A_h^2\left( {1 - \frac{{n_h}}{{N_h}}} \right)\frac{{s_{ph}^2}}{{n_h}}}$$, \({\mathrm{s.e. designed the research and performed the global mapping. USA 108, 2026020264 (2011). . In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Science 309, 570574 (2005). Half of all habitable land is used for agriculture. As a result, global per-capita cropland area decreased by 10%, from 0.18ha per person in 2003 to 0.16ha per person in 2019. Mapping and sampling to characterize global inland water dynamics from 1999 to 2018 with full Landsat time-series. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers can alter the chemistry of soil. Of the global cropland area, 55% is in Eurasia, 17% in Africa, 16% in North and Central America, 9% in South America and 3% in Australia and New Zealand (Table 1; see Extended Data Fig. Environ. \(\bar x_h = \frac{{\mathop {\sum}\nolimits_{u \in h} {x_u} }}{{n_h}}\) the sample mean of the xu values in stratum h, where xu=1 if pixel u is classified as any cropland loss/gain in the reference sample interpretation, and xu=0 otherwise. The secondary sources cover official country data from websites of national ministries, national publications and related country data reported by various international organizations. But agricultural activities also can degrade natural resources. In other countries, cropland increase was not adequate to follow population growth, causing a substantial decrease of cropland per capita (for example, in Ethiopia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Senegal and Tajikistan). Figure 2. The estimator for overall accuracy is then expressed by equation (5), and s.e.m. Countries ranked by Arable land (hectares per person) - IndexMundi 24, 123140 (1996). J. 2019 cropland proportion within 0.0250.025 grid cells. Vol. Europe Rapid expansion of human impact on natural land in South America since 1985. Note: A hectare is a unit of area equivalent to a square whose sides measure 100 yards each. Limitations and Exceptions: The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) tries to impose standard definitions and reporting methods, but complete consistency across countries and over time is not possible. }}\left( {\hat O} \right) = \sqrt {\frac{1}{{N^2}}\mathop {\sum}\nolimits_{h = 1}^H {N_h^2\left( {1 - n_h/N_h} \right)s_{yh}^2/n_h} } \times 100$$, \({\mathrm{s.e. The per-tile models were then applied to each time interval, and the results were post-processed to remove single cropland class detections and omissions within time-series and eliminate cropland patches <0.5ha. | The cropland NPP was evaluated using the globally consistent Collection 6 MODIS-based, annual year-end gap-filled NPP product (MOD17A3HGF20). Extrapolating the exponential curve, we'll be down to 0.1 by around 2050, and 0.05 by 2100. 1 for region boundaries). The United States and India have the most arable land in the world, though the two countries occasionally swap positions. In the present study, we present an analysis of global cropland area change for the first two decades of the twenty-first century derived from satellite data time-series. of the estimated ratio of class proportion expressed as percentage was calculated using equation (4): where: \({\mathrm{s.e. Extended Data Fig. Wolf, J. et al. The 95% CI was obtained by multiplying s.e.m. 8). The goal of this third stage was to create a robust spatiotemporally consistent set of locally calibrated cropland detection models. The sample reference data and interpretation results are available at https://glad.umd.edu/dataset/croplands. We employed the 2019 Revision of World Population Prospects21 to calculate global, regional and national population for years 2003 and 2019. where: \(\hat R\) is the estimated class proportion expressed as a percentage; \(\bar y_h = \frac{{\mathop {\sum}\nolimits_{u \in h} {y_u} }}{{n_h}}\) the sample mean of the yu values in stratum h, where yu=1 if pixel u is classified as belonging to a specific transition in the reference sample interpretation, and yu=0 otherwise; and. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded. Despite their small size, these countries are among the top 15 global wheat exporters. 1). "Arable land" is defined by the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization, the source of "Arable land (hectares per person)" as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow.
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