causes of female body objectification

Slater, A. Psychol. The mediating roles of body surveillance and body shame. Couns. The ESS-R: an Enjoyment of Sexualization Scale for diverse populations. Sex Roles 61, 699713 (2009). Kellie, D., Blake, K. & Brooks, R. What drives female objectification? 45, 955964 (2016). Women Q. From I want to hold your hands to Promiscuous: sexual stereotypes in popular music lyrics, 19602008. Dr. Stephanie Waitt reflects on not celebrating Valentines Day. Bernard, P., Gervais, S. J., Allen, J., Campomizzi, S. & Klein, O. Br. Now, at 4am this morning it suddenly occurred to me that sexual objectification is an artifact of post-modern societal objectification, differentiated from strict societal objectification. For individuals in the U.S. & U.S. territories. Jackson, T. & Chen, H. Predictors of cosmetic surgery consideration among young Chinese women and men. 47, 13631372 (2018). Smiler, A., Shewmaker, J. Soc. 15, 256278 (2011). An investigation of appearance-based interpersonal perceptions and the objectification of women. Portrayals of appearance ideals and the sexual objectification of women are thought to cause body image disturbance (Groesz et al., 2002, Tiggemann and Williams, 2012), but the causal nature of this relationship has been questioned (Levine & Murnen, 2009). Sex Roles 84, 285298 (2021). So, here's my developing idea: If one makes an effort to suspend the sexual component and any ethnic or religious prejudices - it is fair to suggest that the Soccer Mom who goes grocery shopping in a tennis skirt with a bare midriff, the Islamic woman who wears a burqa (complete head-to-toe covering, only the eyes showing) while in public, and the Hassidic or orthodox Jewish woman who wears a wig (to cover her hair) while also covering her elbows and knees, are all at the sufferance of the same societal objectification and variations of the same societal object - they are all the same thing'. Res. Psychol. 9, 553560 (2020). Testing a self-compassion micro-intervention before appearance-based social media use: implications for body image. Psychol. 57, 141153 (2010). Cultur. Wiener, R. L., Gervais, S. J., Allen, J. Fitzsimmons-Craft, E. E. & Bardone-Cone, A. M. Examining prospective mediation models of body surveillance, trait anxiety, and body dissatisfaction in African American and Caucasian college women. The sexualization of men and women on the cover of Rolling Stone. Soc. 28, 373382 (2013). Sex Roles 84, 112124 (2021). Women Q. An examination of potential mediating pathways to disordered eating attitudes. The Objectification theory states that women take on society's views of their own bodies and from it . Moradi, B. Ramsey, L. & Hoyt, T. The object of desire: how being objectified creates sexual pressure for women in heterosexual relationships. Res. 38, 563574 (2014). Lee, M. Exploring how Instagram addiction is associated with womens body image and drive for thinness. Augustus-Horvath, C. L. & Tylka, T. L. A test and extension of objectification theory as it predicts disordered eating: does womens age matter. Grower, P., Ward, L. M. & Trekels, J. Kozee, H. B., Tylka, T. L., Augustus-Horvath, C. L. & Denchik, A. 16, 112 (2012). Sex. Maurer, D., Le Grand, R. & Mondloch, C. J. Testosterone and Estrogen Levels in Women. 21, 338357 (2008). 42, 821851 (2014). 38, 233245 (2014). Commun. That strand leads back to the three major pre-orthodox Western religions -- Christianity, Islam and Judaism. Media 11, 217226 (2022). Objectification of the female body is generating much research. & Lin, J. & Mastro, D. Depictions of gender on primetime television: a quantitative content analysis. Rodgers, R. F. et al. Parent, M., Garos, S., Branscome, E. & Piper, M. What is bad from the gander is bad from the goose: development and validation of the Womens Objectification of Women Scale. 30, 5964 (2006). Objectification leads to depersonalization: the denial of mind and moral concern to objectified others. 34, 583598 (2008). Sci. Broadcast. Women Q. 64, 179191 (2017). Talbot, C., Gavin, J., van Steen, T. & Morey, Y. He has been an associate editor of Body Image: An International Journal of Research since 2003 and has been on the editorial board of the International Journal of Eating Disorders since 1990. Aphantasia is a condition where a person has deficits or a complete lack of mental imagery. The object of my aggression: sexual objectification increases physical aggression toward women. Societal objectification means turning a woman into a thing. 12, 259274 (2006). Psychol. Carr, E. & Szymanski, D. Sexual objectification and substance abuse in young adult women. Psychol. How self-compassion moderates the relation between body surveillance and body shame among men and women. & Leger, A. M. Trappings of femininity: a test of the beauty as currency hypothesis in shaping college womens gender activism. Objectification theory (Fredrickson and Roberts 1997) suggests that the experience of being treated as a body or collection of body parts to be used by others contributes to women's mental health risks. Body Image 9, 342351 (2012). Sex Roles 76, 8998 (2017). Body image 13, 3845 (2015). Kozak, M., Roberts, T. & Patterson, K. She stoops to conquer? Expanding models testing media contributions to self-sexualization. Sarabia, I. Read, G., Lynch, T. & Matthews, N. Increased cognitive load during video game play reduces rape myth acceptance and hostile sexism after exposure to sexualized female avatars. Soc. Weinstein, E. Adolescents differential responses to social media browsing: exploring causes and consequences for intervention. Psychol. Skowronski, M., Busching, R. & Krah, B. Womens exposure to sexualized TV, self-objectification, and consideration of cosmetic surgery: the role of age. Body gaze as a marker of sexual objectification: a new scale for pervasive gaze and gaze provocation behaviors in heterosexual women and men. To obtain Objective: According to the objectification framework, media pressure toward body models promotes the internalization of beauty ideals that negatively influence individuals' body image and self-esteem. The sources and consequences of sexual objectification Health Psychol. Watson, L., Matheny, K., Gagn, P., Brack, G. & Ancis, J. Join us August 3-5 for APA 2023! Stapleton, J. L. et al. 45, 214223 (2019). Psychol. 4 Ways Men Are Taught to Objectify Women From Birth Ainley, V. & Tsakiris, M. Body conscious? Michael J. Formica, M.S., M.A., Ed.M., is a psychotherapist, teacher and writer. Although a great deal of research has examined the effects of objectification on women's self-perceptions and behavior, empirical research has yet to address how objectifying a woman affects the way she is perceived by others.We hypothesize that focusing on a woman's appearance will promote reduced perceptions of competence, and also, by virtue of construing the women as an "object . "Modern industrialized society chronically and pervasively objectifies the female body, and many women have come to view themselves through the lens of an external observer, habitually monitoring their own appearance whether in public or private settings. SAGE Open. Pop. Body Image 6, 141144 (2009). Blake, K., Bastian, B. Women Q. Psychol. & Major, B. Sci. Psychol. Disord. & Neville, H. A. Barzoki, M. H., Vahedi, M., Nourmohamadi, S. & Kalantari, S. E. The mediating role of contingent self-esteem in the association between self-objectification and self-esteem. Women Q. The sexual objectification and alcohol use link: the mediating roles of self-objectification, enjoyment of sexualization, body shame, and drinking motives. Sex Roles 72, 173182 (2015). The body image problem on social media: novel directions for the field. Dr. Tantleff-Dunn is coauthor of Exacting Beauty: Theory, Assessment and Treatment of Body Image Disturbance, and she serves on the editorial boards of Body Image: An International Journal of Research and Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. 21, 10831105 (2017). 77, 6982 (2018). Ethnic Minor. The effects of posture suggestiveness and revealing clothing on dehumanization. Women Q. Media Soc. Feminism: what is it good for? Psychol. Guizzo, F. & Cadinu, M. Effects of objectifying gaze on female cognitive performance: the role of flow experience and internalization of beauty ideals. 21, 15461564 (2019). Myers, T. A., Ridolfi, D. R., Crowther, J. H. & Ciesla, J. Face consciousness among South Korean women: a culture-specific extension of objectification theory. Women Q. Get the help you need from a therapist near youa FREE service from Psychology Today. However, research has recently suggested that self-objectification is a male phenomenon as well, which can be inscribed . Bareket, O., Shnabel, N., Abeles, D., Gervais, S. & Yuval-Greenberg, S. Evidence for an association between mens spontaneous objectifying gazing behavior and their endorsement of objectifying attitudes toward women. Psychol. Press, 2013). Alleva, J. et al. Kahalon, R., Shnabel, N. & Becker, J. C. Experimental studies on state self-objectification: a review and an integrative process model. A Systematic Literature Review Exploring Objectification and Motherhood Psychol. Bareket, O., Kahalon, R., Shnabel, N. & Glick, P. The Madonnawhore dichotomy: men who perceive womens nurturance and sexuality as mutually exclusive endorse patriarchy and show lower relationship satisfaction. Issues Public Policy 15, 198212 (2015). 61, 5062 (2014). Women Q. Nezlek, J. Interoceptive awareness, measured by heartbeat perception, is negatively correlated with self-objectification. Women Q. Myers, T. A. 39, 390404 (2015). Psychol. Vaughan-Turnbull, C. & Lewis, V. Body image, objectification, and attitudes toward cosmetic surgery. Karsay, K., Matthes, J., Platzer, P. & Plinke, M. Adopting the objectifying gaze: exposure to sexually objectifying music videos and subsequent gazing behavior. Media use, objectification of women, and mens acceptance of sexual aggression. Soc. Psychol. Zogmaister, C., Durante, F., Mari, S., Crippa, F. & Volpato, C. Measuring objectification through the Body Inversion Paradigm: methodological issues. Barzoki, M., Kontula, O., Mokhtariaraghi, H. & Mahboubishariatpanahi, N. Dual contradictory effects of self-objectification on sexual satisfaction. Psychol. Examine or adopt this book for teaching a course, Operationalizing Self-Objectification: Assessment and Related Methodological Issues, The Sexualization of Girls and Women as a Primary Antecedent of Self-Objectification, Continuity and Change in Self-Objectification: Taking a Life-Span Approach to Women's Experiences of Objectified Body Consciousness, Performance and Flow: A Review and Integration of Self-Objectification Research, Mental Health Risks of Self-Objectification: A Review of the Empirical Evidence for Disordered Eating, Depressed Mood, and Sexual Dysfunction, Embodying Experiences and the Promotion of Positive Body Image: The Example of Competitive Athletics, Fighting Self-Objectification in Prevention and Intervention Contexts, Future Directions for Research and Practice. They literally picture themselves being looked atwhile they move throughout life. A content analysis of thinspiration, fitspiration, and bonespiration imagery on social media. Gervais, S., Davidson, M., Styck, K., Canivez, G. & DiLillo, D. The development and psychometric properties of the Interpersonal Sexual Objectification Scale Perpetration Version. Gillen, M. M. & Markey, C. H. Body image, weight management behavior, and womens interest in cosmetic surgery. Psychol. Cult. & Muehlenkamp, J. J. Wang, Y., Fardouly, J., Vartanian, L., Wang, X. Media 59, 278297 (2015). Portrayals of appearance ideals and the sexual objectification of women are thought to cause body image disturbance (Groesz et al., 2002, Tiggemann and Williams, 2012), . Swiss J. Psychol. How to Be Happy Anyway, Why Parental Alienation Is a Form of Domestic Abuse, Grieving for an Emotionally Estranged Parent, 3 Communication Styles That Poison Relationships, How to Reclaim Your Playful Self and Find More Joy, Why Some People Hand Their Lives Over to Cults, Choosing Between Authenticity and Attachment, 4 Potent Ways to Deepen Love and Intimacy, How to Decide Whether to Cut Someone Out of Your Life. Women Q. The theory states that girls and women experience three types of sexual objectification exposures: Direct comments from those around them including unsolicited remarks about what they look like and advice on how to improve their appearance Buchanan, T. S., Fischer, A. R., Tokar, D. M. & Yoder, J. D. Testing a culture- specific extension of objectification theory regarding African American womens body image. Managing the toll of stripping: boundary setting among exotic dancers. Psychol. J. Hum. Women Q. The book also discusses various scales for measuring self-objectification, as well as approaches to prevent and disrupt this phenomenon. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles 58, 383392 (2011). Wollast, R., Riemer, A. R., Sarda, E., Wiernik, B. M. & Klein, O. Calogero, R. & Jost, J. Self-subjugation among women: exposure to sexist ideology, self-objectification, and the protective function of the need to avoid closure. Male and female autism share some similarities, but overall, women with autism tend to present differently than men. The main goals were: a) investigating the effects of objectification on the perception of men's and women's competence and pay; and b) investigating the effects of objectification on the . Why do selfies increase young womens willingness to consider cosmetic surgery in China? Societal objectification, on the other hand, is a consequence of the need for pre-orthodox monotheism (that'd be what led to orthodox Christianity, orthodox Islam and orthodox Judaism) to both demonize and marginalize women to solidify the theistic vision of the cultural patriarchy. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Gervais, S. J., Wiener, R. L., Allen, J., Farnum, K. S. & Kimble, K. Do you see what I see? 121, 11951222 (2021). Violence 4, 156169 (2014). J. Societal objectification means turning a woman into a thing. J. Couns. Exposure to this cultural messaging has broad consequences and fuels sexist attitudes and violence towards women. Kim, J. et al. Body Image 27, 179186 (2018). Brewster, M. E. et al. Sex. 22, 13001309 (2018). Public Policy Law 19, 206221 (2013). 20, 147156 (2019). Self Identity 20, 861868 (2020). J. Women Q. Sci. Arnocky, S. et al. Psychol. Kozman, C., Selim, A. Meas. 46, 99110 (2022). Ward, L. M., Rivadeneyra, R., Thomas, K., Day, K. & Epstein, M. in The Sexualization of Girls and Girlhood: Causes, Consequences, and Resistance (eds Zurbriggen, E. L. & Roberts, T.-A.) Ethnogr. Self-Objectification in Women: Causes, Consequences, and Counteractions Ruckel, L. & Hill, M. Look @ me 2.0: self-sexualization in Facebook photographs, body surveillance and body image. Psychol. Quinn, D. M., Kallen, R. W., Twenge, J. M. & Fredrickson, B. L. The disruptive effect of self-objectification on performance. Modern industrialized society chronically and pervasively objectifies the female body, and many women have come to view themselves through the lens of an external observer, habitually monitoring their own appearance whether in public or private settings. Rogers Wood, N. & Petrie, T. Body dissatisfaction, ethnic identity, and disordered eating among African American woman. 42, 928 (2018). Exploring the causes and consequences of engaging in fat talk. 6, 121133 (2006). Res. J. Commun. McNair Scholars Research Journal Calogero, R. M. & Thompson, J. K. Sexual self-esteem in American and British college women: relations with self-objectification and eating problems. Beauty is in the eye of the beer holder: an initial investigation of the effects of alcohol, attractiveness, warmth, and competence on the objectifying gaze in men. Eval. Psychol. & Ramsey, L. R. Empowering or oppressing? Divers. Hum. LaCroix, J., Burrows, C. & Blanton, H. Effects of immersive, sexually objectifying, and violent video games on hostile sexism in males. Reed, C. L., Stone, V. E., Bozova, S. & Tanaka, J. Sex Roles 78, 311324 (2018). Women Q. 16, 116 (2012). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Philos. Ther. Body Image 24, 512 (2018). Res. Psychol. Turner, J. S. Sex and the spectacle of music videos: an examination of the portrayal of race and sexuality in music videos. Disord. Tiggemann, M. & Zaccardo, M. Strong is the new skinny: a content analysis of #fitspiration images on Instagram. Mass. BodiMojo: efficacy of a mobile-based intervention in improving body image and self-compassion among adolescents. The impact of appearance-focused social comparisons on body image disturbance in the naturalistic environment: the roles of thin-ideal internalization and feminist beliefs. A cross-cultural comparison of the role of sexual objectification in the relationship between alcohol use and sexual assault perpetration. Media ex-posure spotlights women's bodies and body parts while depicting He has authored, coauthored, edited, or coedited eight previous books in the areas of body image, eating disorders, and obesity. Sci. Psychol. 81, 198208 (2018). Sex. Zuair, A. Self-objectification in women : causes, consequences, and A meta-analytic review of relevant research. Body Image 27, 138147 (2018). Watson, L., Ancis, J., White, D. & Nazari, N. Racial identity buffers African American women from body image problems and disordered eating. Eat. & Mazzeo, S. E. Testing a moderated mediation model of objectification theory among Black women in the United States: the role of protective factors. Rev. 34, 258278 (2017). Henrickson, H. C., Crowther, J. H. & Harrington, E. F. Ethnic identity and maladaptive eating: expectancies about eating and thinness in African American women. Psychol. Specific Objectives of the study 1. Mosewich, A., Kowalski, K., Sabiston, C., Sedgwick, W. & Tracy, J. Self-compassion: a potential resource for young women athletes. Relations of sexual objectification and racist discrimination with Latina womens body image and mental health. Violence 37, 14301455 (2020). Riemer, A. R., Sez, G., Brock, R. L. & Gervais, S. J. Soc. Zaikman, Y. Body Image 26, 8389 (2018). Health Med. Roles 83, 315327 (2020). Sex Educ. Individ. 20, 172179 (2017). Cogoni, C., Carnaghi, A. Piran, N. & Teall, T. 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The Objectification Of Women - 1031 Words | Cram Liss, M., Erchull, M. J. & Hearon, B. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Tiggemann, M. & Boundy, M. Effect of environment and appearance compliment on college womens self-objectification, mood, body shame, and cognitive performance. Psychol. Aging Ment. Gerding, A. Fioravanti, G., Svicher, A., Ceragioli, G., Bruni, V. & Casale, S. Examining the impact of daily exposure to body-positive and fitspiration Instagram content on young womens mood and body image: an intensive longitudinal study. Sex Roles 81, 97108 (2019). A content analysis of preteen and teen girl magazines. Aubrey, J. S., Gamble, H. & Hahn, R. Empowered sexual objects? Sex Roles 84, 91101 (2021). DeWilde, M., Casini, A., Wollast, R. & Demoulin, S. Sex is power belief and womens mental health: the mediating roles of self-objectification and sexual subjectivity. Body Image 41, 248261 (2022). All authors wrote the article and reviewed and/or edited the manuscript before submission. Pennell, H. & Behm-Morawitz, E. The empowering superheroine? Wallis, C. Performing gender: a content analysis of gender display in music videos. Wright, P. J. Sexiness on social media: the social costs of using a sexy profile photo. Overstreet, N. & Quinn, D. Contingencies of self-worth and app concerns: do domains of self-worth matter? Her research area is body image, particularly interpersonal and media influences on body image. Sexual objectification (treating a person as a body or collection of body parts) involves a cultural prioritizing of womens sexual appearance and appeal over other attributes. Press, 2012). Phan, T. & Tylka, T. Exploring a model and moderators of disordered eating with Asian American college women. Fox, J., Ralston, R. A., Cooper, C. K. & Jones, K. A. Sexualized avatars lead to womens self-objectification ad acceptance of rape myths. 51, 27592780 (2022). & Hirschman, A. Minding the body: yoga, embodiment, and well-being. Disord. Rasmussen, E. & Densley, R. Girl in a country song: gender roles and objectification of women in popular country music across 1990 to 2014. Eat. Front. Women Ther. ISSN 2731-0574 (online). Women Polit. Behav. Schooler, D. The woman next to me: pairing powerful and objectifying representations of women. Addict. 48, 165173 (2018). Pop. Greenleaf, C. Self-objectification among physically active women. Arch. Sex Roles 80, 458468 (2019). Sex. (PDF) The Perils of Pretty: Effects of Personal Appearance on Women's 26, 371379 (2002). The Task Force Report is a very good read, as research reports go, and I promise you that when you are done you will never look at media or the consideration of women and girls as portrayed in society in the same way again. Sex Roles 67, 571581 (2012). Downs, E. & Smith, S. L. Keeping abreast of hypersexuality: a video game character content analysis. Pacilli, M. et al. Winn, L. & Cornelius, R. Self-objectification and cognitive performance: a systematic review of the literature. J. Soc. When looking hot means not feeling cold: evidence that self-objectification inhibits feelings of being cold. J. Soc. Now, that's a lot of fancy words to say basically this; the Boys Club got together and said, "Let's eliminate the competition (read: polytheistic Goddess worship) by convincing everyone that women are evil and useless. Women Q. Cotter, E., Kelly, N., Mitchell, K. & Mazzeo, S. An investigation of body appreciation, ethnic identity, and eating disorder symptoms in Black women. Roles 58, 458466 (2008). J. Couns. Psychol. Biobehav. Sex Roles 84, 670679 (2020). B. Aggress. In Western culture, the body is considered a symbol of personal success or failure - beauty and slenderness are generally associated with happiness and social acceptability, whereas being overweight or out of shape are linked to laziness, lack of self-discipline and being out of control. & Hoyt, T. Sexualized, objectified, but not satisfied: enjoying sexualization relates to lower relationship satisfaction through perceived partner-objectification. Sex Roles 61, 794807 (2009). Manago, A., Ward, L. M., Lemm, K., Reed, L. & Seabrook, R. Facebook involvement, objectified body consciousness, body shame, and sexual assertiveness in college women and men.
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