blood viscosity can be reduced by

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death worldwide. Text Messaging and Telemarketing Terms and Conditions. 6, On the basis of a randomized placebo-controlled primary prevention trial (the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study), researchers suggested that pravastatin therapy may lower the risk for coronary heart disease and mortality partially by lowering both plasma viscosity and blood viscosity.40 Many subsequent investigations have demonstrated the pleiotropic effects of statins on blood rheology, including reductions in plasma viscosity,41 whole-blood viscosity, RBC deformities, and RBC aggregation.42, Grounding is the most desirable and suitable intervention for both reducing blood viscosity and reducing inflammation simultaneously. Reapplying the magnetic field reduces the blood viscosity again. The respiratory role of the blood is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the cells and receive CO2 from the cells back for the lungs to expel. The metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance: relationship to haemostatic and inflammatory markers in older non-diabetic men. Disclaimer. Do circulating red blood cells have a nucleus? When a suitable area was located, the power to the gold bars was switched on. The .gov means its official. Kumar VRS, Choudhary SK, Radhakrishnan PK, Bharath RS, Chandrasekaran N, Sankar V, Sukumaran A, Oommen C. Glob Chall. Heart rate variability and progression of coronary atherosclerosis. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies You also agree to the mandatory arbitration provision and class action waiver below. Volland H. Atmospheric electrodynamics. blood viscosity Grounding system showing patches, wires, and box connecting to a ground rod planted outside through a switch (not shown) and a fuse (not shown). The Earth's surface is electrically conductive and is maintained at a negative potential by a global electrical circuit. You may contact us by telephone at 1-800-494-5726 orhelp@nutritionandhealing.com. Are you taking one of these 9 "memory erasing" prescriptions? Cell Aggregate Results for the 10 Subjects. For each blood sample, six locations with relatively similar RBC-cluster density (25%50% of the area seen through the microscope's objective covered with RBCs) were randomly selected. Increased blood viscosity correlated with reduced renal function and elevated urinary albumin excretion. Pursuant to any applicable statutes, regulations, rules, ordinances or other laws, including without limitation the United States Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, P.L. Furthermore, you hereby waive any rights or requirements under any statutes, regulations, rules, ordinances or other laws in any jurisdiction which require an original signature, delivery or retention of non-electronic records, or to payments or the granting of credits by other than electronic means You may receive a physical paper copy of this contract by contacting us at help@nutritionandhealing.com. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. In: Laragh JH, Brenner BM (eds). Reducing the Viscosity of Blood by Pulsed Magnetic Field Increases erythrocyte aggregation or reduces the ability of red blood cells to change their shape. Rumley A, et al. Earthing or grounding increased zeta potentials in all samples by an average of 2.70 and significantly reduced RBC aggregation. Int J Hypertens 2012; 2012: 109830. Small changes in viscosity produce large differences in total resistance,13 especially in peripheral vessels <30m in diameter, in which the relative effective viscosity can increase six- to sevenfold.14 These results confirm the existence of a blood hyperviscosity syndrome in hypertension. RBC aggregation was measured by counting the numbers of clustered cells in each sample. Subsequent research has repeatedly confirmed the positive effects of grounding on the autonomic nervous system (ANS), including increases in parasympathetic activity18,34 and, most recently, increases in heart rate variability (HRV).35 The significance of the latter study is that HRV is an important indicator of the status of autonomic balance and stress on the cardiovascular system. A hypothesis proposing increased blood viscosity as a cause of proteinuria and increased vascular permeability. The soft tissue inside some of the bones is called what? Perspective: Assume a spherical cow. Your consent is not required to purchase goods or services. Chien S. Pickering TG, et al. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. The zeta potentials (in mV) before and after 2 hours of grounding for subject #5 were 9.46 and 20.8, respectively (an increase by a factor of 20.8/9.46=2.20), for subject #7 they were 11.8 and 42.7, respectively (an increase by a factor of 3.61), and for subject #9 they were 5.26 and 11.4, respectively (an increase by a factor of 2.16), respectively. Where in the body are worn-out and damaged red blood cells destroyed? With no further exposure to the field, the viscosity had only risen slightly to 5.4 cp after 200 min, which is still within healthy limits. Costa F, Sulur P, Angel M, Cavalcante J, Haile V, Christman B, Biaggioni I . Measuring electrical and mechanical properties of red blood cells with double optical tweezers. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Ten (10) healthy subjects were screened using the Health History Inventory.22 Each subject had one grounding session. And in menstruating women not taking birth control pills, heart attacks and strokes hardly ever happen. Cell-cluster sizes were counted separately for clusters containing up to 8 cells (9 cells and above being grouped together); cell clusters with 4 or more cells were grouped together in Table 4 (column labeled 4+). A cover slip was then placed over the sample and the gold bars moved into position. Magnetic fields reduce blood viscosity Hemoconcentration will often be accompanied by increased blood viscosity. J Hypertens 1992; 10: 467472. So what is the viscosity of blood? Med Hypotheses 1981; 7: 14211429. Except as may be required by law as determined by the arbitrator, no party or arbitrator may disclose the existence, content or results of any arbitration hereunder without the prior written consent of both parties. Hypertension: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management, 2nd edn, pp 365376 (Raven Press: New York, 1995). MeSH Response Rapid Response: Elevated Blood Viscosity is the Primary Cause of Thrombotic Complications of COVID-19 Dear Editor, The high incidence of thrombosis in COVID-19 patients is caused by elevated blood viscosity due to hyperfibrinogenemia. Persson PB, Hansell P, Liss P . The grounding system consisted of a 300- long (91.44m) ground cord attached to the box on one end and to a 12 (30.48cm) stainless-steel rod inserted in the soil outdoors at the other end. Sidorenko I, Turova V, Rieger-Fackeldey E, Felderhoff-Mser U, Kovtanyuk A, Brodkorb S, Lampe R. PLoS One. Hypertension 1999; 33: 14531457. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Surovaya L. Petrochenko A. Internet Explorer). According to the HagenPoiseuille law, increased blood viscosity results in reduced blood flow and increased vascular resistance in the renal vascular beds.1 In particular, blood viscosity-induced elevation of vascular resistance may be most prominent in the efferent arterioles of the kidney because of hemoconcentration due to glomerular filtration.4, 5 Elevated vascular resistance in the efferent arterioles could increase back pressure toward the glomerular vessels, thereby elevating intraglomerular pressure to maintain glomerular filtration in the face of reduced renal blood flow.4, 5. Menne J, Chatzikyrkou C, Haller H . It is well known that essential hypertensives (EHT) have increased blood viscosity,11, 12, 13, 14 which is associated with poor prognosis in EHT, because hyperviscosity is often accompanied by severe hypertension and cardiovascular complications including left ventricular hypertrophy.13, 14 However, it has not been elucidated yet how blood viscosity affects renal hemodynamics and contributes to the genesis of renal damage in EHT. Int J Biomed Sci. There was no difference in blood viscosity and plasma viscosity between 23 EHT (4.240.41mPaS, 1.730.08mPaS) and the same number of age- and sex-matched normotensive subjects (4.250.42mPaS, 1.720.07mPaS). Specifically, the composition of blood includes blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets), extracellular fluid that is plasma (containing proteins, hormones and water). You acknowledge that your electronic submissions constitute your agreement and intent to be bound by this Agreement. Correspondence to Viscosity of blood is one of the indicators used to evaluate thrombotic pathology and should often be tested. Suhariningsih S, Astuti SD, Husen SA, Winarni D, Rahmawati DA, Mukti AT, Putra AP, Miftahussurur M. Vet World. Letcher RL. What to Consider When Taking It? When do we need to measure blood viscosity? The progressive pathway of microalbuminuria: from early marker of renal damage to strong cardiovascular risk predictor. The researchers also indicated that high blood sugar levels are associated with significant alterations in the electrodynamics of an RBC's outer membrane and may increase the potential for RBC clumping. Kario K, Matsui Y, Shibasaki S, Eguchi K, Ishikawa J, Hoshide S, Ishikawa S, Kabutoya T, Schwartz JE, Pickering TG, Shimada K, Japan Morning Surge-1 (JMS-1) Study Group. Direct relationship between blood pressure and blood viscosity in normal and hypertensive subjects: Role of fibrinogen and concentration. Further longitudinal studies will be required to explore the clinical implications of blood viscosity on the pathogenesis of renal injuries in EHT. Background: Changes in blood viscosity can influence the shear stress level at the vessel wall. In a study of 50 patients with occlusive arterial disease and 50 control counterparts (N=100), the migration time of red cells (seconds) was longer and the electrophoretic mobility (sec/V/cm) was less in the patients with occlusive disease than in the healthy controls.5 This study on electrophoretic mobility suggested differences in RBC surface charge (zeta potential). WebBlood viscosity can be reduced by A. limiting fluid intake. A reappraisal of the influence of blood rheology on glomerular filtration and its role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Annu Rev Physiol. Common diseases such as high blood pressure, diabetes or hyperlipidemia, etc. The field between the electrodes ranged from 14.3 volts/cm to 28.0 volts/cm (meanstandard deviation [SD]=23.13.7 volts/cm).24. Anxiety Disorders, Stress When Should You Take Medicine? Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Blood viscosity of warfarin and aspirin. Phys Rev Lett. Explain what viscosity is. Dr. Wright: Yes, its absolutely true. Microalbuminuria and endothelial dysfunction in essential hypertension. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Want the latest news from Dr.AlanInglis? The viscous component arises primarily through the viscosity of blood plasma, while the elastic component arises from deformation of the red blood cells. The disease can also occur when red blood cells have an abnormal shape, such as sickle cell anemia. Plasma Viscosity Hyperglycemia has a direct effect on blood viscosity 4,8 . The Biomedical Research Institute of America provided institutional review board supervision of this project (www.biomedirb.com). The classic text on zeta potential is Control of Colloid Stability Through Zeta Potential (with a closing chapter on its relationship to CVD by Riddick).4 Riddick's perspectives on CVD are important but have not been widely recognized, probably because rheology is a highly specialized and interdisciplinary subject. Statistical Principles in Experimental Design. The information and opinions provided here are believed to be accurate and sound, based on the best judgment available to the authors, but readers who fail to consult appropriate health authorities assume the risk of any injuries. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: RememberDifficulty: MediumLearn in g Objective: 07-02 Describe thecon trollable an d un con trollable risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease. The objectives of therapy are to optimize hematocrit (Figure 2), improve RBC deformability, decrease plasma viscosity, reduce RBC aggregation, and normalize body Correlations of blood viscosity (left panel) and plasma viscosity (right panel) with urinary albumin excretion. After 2 hours, two more blood samples were drawn while the subject was still grounded. In the present study, the net effect of increases in blood viscosity could lead to a reduction in creatinine clearance. Intravascular source of adenosine during forearm ischemia in humans: implications for reactive hyperemia. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help In the present study, therefore, associations of blood viscosity with renal function and urinary albumin excretion were investigated in untreated EHT without apparent kidney disease. With respect to RBC aggregation results for the 10 subjects, there were significantly more aggregates or (clusters) during grounding (after 2 hours of grounding while still grounded) than before grounding (p=0.0000153). Finally, EHT of advanced stages with kidney disease should be studied, because the patients with kidney disease could be associated with increased blood viscosity.44. Keltner JR, Roos MS, Brakeman PR, Budinger TF. Platelets are releasing adhesion factors. Danesh J. Collins R. Peto R. Lowe GDO. volume36,pages 247251 (2013)Cite this article. Melzack R. The McGill Pain Questionnaire: Major properties and scoring methods. This study examined effects of 2 hours of grounding on the electrical charge (zeta potential) on red blood cells (RBCs) and the effects on the extent of RBC clumping. Ksmrky G. Kenyeres P. Rbai M. Tth K. Plasma viscosity: A forgotten variable. The average zeta potentials before and after 2 hours of grounding for the 7 subjects with no pain were 7.85 before grounding and 20.45 after grounding, respectively (an average increase by a factor of 2.61), which shows less of an improvement. Atherosclerosis 2005; 181: 101108. Unfortunately, blood viscosity has become a forgotten risk factor and is rarely measured in clinical practice.45 Interventions that reduce blood viscosity and RBC aggregation are important. The aim of this study was to elucidate how blood Bronte-Stewart B. For zeta potential calculations the Smoluchowski equation was used as follows27: where is the solution's viscosity, vc is the terminal velocity of the RBCs, is the electrical permittivity of the solution, and E is the electric field to which the RBCs were submitted. Lee AJ. In cases of dehydration, not only does the viscosity change, but it is also accompanied by a decrease in blood pressure and imbalanced homeostasis. Patients were instructed not to take food, alcohol, caffeine or smoke within 12h before blood samplings, although water ingestion was not restricted. Grow Power Review: Is It Really Effective. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 584590. The systemic vascular resistance response: a cardiovascular Pri D, Friedlander G . The subject's responses to the Health History Inventory (HHI) were reviewed to check for compliance with respect to the exclusion criteria as well as to gather basic information regarding the subject's general health. Kensey KR. 2009-2023 by NewMarket Health Publishing, LLC. Results. When physicians recommend evidence-based, harmless, and simple natural interventions, alleviation of human suffering and improved quality of life can be realized. Please read these terms carefully. Msg&data rates may apply. Along with the development of renal injuries, renal anemia could occur and accelerate renal ischemia via reduction in oxygen supply in EHT. This preventive miracle can be attributed to the most overlooked factor in heart health: blood viscosity. Gaehtgens P. Time-dependent rheological behavior of blood at low shear in narrow vertical tubes. Google Scholar. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261819. The viscosity of blood will increase when the body loses water due to diarrhea, loss of sweat when working or a sudden cold, etc. Foods containing antioxidants help reduce blood viscosity. In this report the terms earthing and grounding are used interchangeably. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. The next time you hear about a blood drive, jump for it especially in the summer when blood supplies are lowest. Interestingly, the subject with the largest increase in zeta potential after 2 hours of grounding, with a factor of 5.63 (subject #6), did not have pain upon arriving at the clinic to be tested. Sugimori H, Tomoda F, Koike T, Kinuno H, Kurosaki H, Masutani T, Inoue H . Moreover, plasma viscosity correlated positively with triglyceride, plasma fibrinogen and high-sensitive C-reactive protein, but negatively with HDL cholesterol, findings consistent with previous reports.16, 17, 18, 19 From these results, blood viscosity could be determined by extent of obesity, hemoconcentration and plasma viscosity in EHT without apparent renal disease. Therefore, it is necessary to receive physiological solutions regularly for the body. Vassileva DP. Flow effects on prostacyclin production by cultured human endothelial cells. Symptoms associated with this condition include headaches, convulsions, and a red rash on the skin. Subsequently, 24h urine was collected for measurements of creatinine clearance and urinary albumin excretion. How to reduce blood viscosity? Hypertension, blood viscosity, and capillary spasm. The terminal velocities of the RBCs were measured directly from the recordings by clocking the time it took for an RBC to go through a predetermined distance (the stopwatch used had a precision of 0.01 second). The association of blood viscosity with creatinine clearance or urinary albumin excretion was determined by Pearsons correlation. Applewhite R. Effectiveness of a conductive patch and a conductive bed pad in reducing induced human body voltage via the application of earth ground. Having studied at Y1 National Medical University named after IM Sechenov, John Alen is using his knowledge and experience to help improve the physical and mental health of people in the United States. Zhang L, Pu K, Zhang SY, Ren WQ . Oschman JL. WebBlood viscosity can be reduced by Donating blood regularly The most dangerous form of skin cancer is Melanoma Risk factors for endometrial cancer include all of the following The electrode system consisted of 2 gold bars (2.0mm2.0mm square cross-section and 5.0cm in length) placed directly on the microscope slide at the sides of the cover slip (Fig. Subjects # 5, 7, and 9 presented with pain. Clin Sci 1986; 71: 137146. Would you like email updates of new search results? Glomerular filtration dynamics. Please read our Privacy Policy, which is incorporated herein by reference. Palatini P . Blood rheological properties are strongly related to the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged Chinese. 2020 Oct;13(10):2286-2293. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2286-2293. Subjects were recruited by word-of-mouth. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. WebWhich of the following factors would decrease blood viscosity? Emerging research is revealing that direct physical contact of the human body with the surface of the earth (grounding or earthing) has intriguing effects on human physiology and health, including beneficial effects on various cardiovascular risk factors. Contreras T, Vaya A, Palanca S, Sola E, Corella D, Aznar J . Jeong SK, Cho YI, Duey M, Rosenson RS . The site is secure. American Council on Exercise. Urinary albumin concentration was determined using immunoturbidimetry. hemospherine, glucose, proteins) the most important of them being hematocrit ( Ht ), which denotes the percentage of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells. Rosenson RS. around the world. Blood Viscosity Viscosity of blood is determined by red blood cells and protein components present in plasma. He is currently working at easyhealthylive.com, a leading health and psychology blog. Additionally, blood viscosity-mediated elevation in efferent arteriolar resistance as well as systemic blood pressure may increase intraglomerular pressure and thereby alter glomerular permeability against protein, resulting in increased urinary albumin excretion.4, 5, 26, 27 Elevated vascular resistance in the efferent arterioles may also reduce the peritubular capillary blood flow, thereby causing interstitial ischemia,4, 5, 6 as reported in contrast-induced nephropathy.9, 10 Indeed, these consecutive events could explain the possible mechanisms by which increased blood viscosity can affect the renal vascular beds in EHT without renal damage. NewMarket Health, L.L.C will pay all of the filing costs. Increased blood viscosity is associated with reduced renal Velcheva I, Antonova N, Titianova E, Damianov P, Dimitrov N, Dimitrova V . To date, there has been no systematic study of the effects of grounding on BP. The study design was approved by the Ethics Committee at University of Toyama and the patients were enrolled into the study after giving informed consent. Epub 2014 Jun 10. Kidney Int 2006; 70: 12141222. Especially valuable for patients with diabetes, hypertension, polycythemia vera, hypercholesterolemia, arteritis of the lower extremities, hypergammaglobulinemia, etc. Blood viscosity, but not plasma viscosity, correlated negatively with creatinine clearance. The video images were recorded on digital video discs for subsequent determination of velocity of RBC migration. Influence of plasmatic lipids on the hemorheological profile in healthy adults. Jpn J Physiol 2001; 51: 1930. Microalbuminuria as a risk factor: the influence of renin-angiotensin system blockade. You may opt-out at any time by texting the wordSTOPto the telephone number from which you receive the text messages. Moderate exercise, dietary adjustments (low sodium and sugar intake, and no trans fats), smoking cessation, and blood donation all have a positive impact on viscosity as do specific blood viscositymodifying supplements, such as omega 3 essential fatty acids and pharmaceutical drugs (statins). On the other hand, the subject with the lowest increase in zeta potential, with a factor of only 1.27 (subject #3), was perhaps the healthiest, eating only raw food, running 3 times per week, and doing yoga 2 times per week outdoors and at home. The electrophoretic mobility of RBCs is a function of net negative charge (zeta potential), provided that the viscosity of the suspending medium does not change during the measurement. Fumihiro Tomoda. The goal was to find if grounding affects RBC zeta potential and RBC aggregation in an ordinary office environment. In this context, any increase in blood viscosity can promote vaso-occlusive like events. SD, standard deviation; SEM, standard error of the mean. Increased viscosity increases the resistance to blood flow and thereby increases the work of the heart and impairs organ perfusion. For each location, a standardized area was used to count clusters. Increased blood viscosity is often found in patients with obesity or metabolic syndrome.16, 21 Blood viscosity also depends on plasma viscosity, red blood cell rigidity and hematocrit.21, 23 By contrast, plasma viscosity is affected by dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, inflammation and plasma fibrinogen.16, 17, 18, 19 In the present study, blood viscosity correlated positively with BMI, plasma viscosity and hematocrit, although red blood cell rigidity was not evaluated. Currently, the only method of treatment is to take drugs such as aspirin, which has, however, several unwanted side effects. Fifty-five percent (55%) of major cardiovascular events occurred in the highest blood-viscosity group versus only 4% in the lowest blood-viscosity group.39. Clin Hemorheol 1993; 13: 651659. Creatinine clearance was calculated as follows: creatinine clearance (mlmin1 per 1.73m2)=[urinary creatinine (mgdl1) urinary volume (ml per day)]/[serum creatinine (mgdl1) 1440 (min)]/[body surface area (m2)/1.73]. This finding indicates that increased blood viscosity might be harmful sufficiently enough to generate renal damage in EHT in contrast to normotensive healthy subjects. However, based on blood viscosity alone, it is difficult to determine the cause of the disease. Blood chains The role of increased blood viscosity in the pathogenesis of occlusive arterial disease was clearly and succinctly described by Kensey.15 Endothelial dysfunction, mechanical shear forces, and alterations in blood flow mechanics at arterial bifurcations and areas of low blood flow eddies are correlated with plaque progression in the coronary vasculature. Chien S. Pickering TG. Devereux RB, Drayer JI, Chien S, Pickering TG, Letcher RL, DeYoung JL, Sealey JE, Laragh JH . And youre never going to believe just how dramatically blood donation can slash heart attack risk. Wires connected the patches to a stainless-steel rod inserted in the earth outdoors. Lowe GD. In the present study, blood viscosity was associated with creatinine clearance but plasma viscosity was not. Stay informed and motivated as you embark on your journey towards a balanced and vibrant life. www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db64.htm, www.acefitness.org/acestore/p-369-health-history-inventory-form.aspx, Does fast walking on the beach 4/wk, strength training 3/wk, swims, Experiences extreme heat sometimes in ankles & lower extremities, Does running, cycling, & rowing; uses elliptic machine; swims 3-4/wk 20min to 1 hr; walks on the beach often; goes to a club; & trains outdoors, Runs 3 days/wk and does yoga 2 days/wk outdoors & at home, Likes surfing & fishing; indulges in sugar & sodas moderately, Real estate manager & handyman has lower back pain when stressed, Has knee osteoarthritis, Lyme disease & candidiasis Likes swimming but stopped 4 weeks before the study because of knee injury, Does brisk walking 30min at home & outdoors, Very conscious about food & eats only healthy fats from vegetables, Experienced arrhythmia 2 years ago that was immediately corrected with potassium supplementation, Experiences shortness of breath with activity Does not exercise but eats as much high-quality fat her body accepts, Is seeing a chiropractor for a stiff & sore neck, Does meditation in groups & takes a singing class. Plasma NOx was determined by colorimetric assay kit using Griess reagent (Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Therefore, blood viscosity index is abnormal, we need to go to the doctor to determine the cause, treat to avoid disease progression or dangerous complications. Letcher RL. Therefore, red blood cells will have to change shape to adapt, being able to pass through the peripheral capillaries. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects prior to their participation. Zannad F. Voisin P. Brunotte F, et al. Curr Hypertens Rep 2003; 5: 208214. Hypertens Res 36, 247251 (2013). A micrometer stage allowed for moving the sample to find areas with appropriate RBC density for zeta potential and aggregation measurement. Microalbuminuria in hypertension. Blood is a suspension of red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets in plasma, a complex solution of gases, salts, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. In all patients, incomplete urinary sampling was denied because of urinary creatinine excretion>3mmol per day.20. The superior properties of alkaline ionized water (which other types of water do not have) are as follows: Above is information about blood viscosity sent to readers. A video camera mounted on a darkfield microscope (Richardson RTM-3.0; combined magnification factor of 1000) recorded the movement of the RBCs. Simpson LO . Am J Physiol 1972; 223: 11841190. Grounding may represent one of the simplest and yet most profound interventions to help reduce cardiovascular risk and cardiovascular events. PMC You agree that we may communicate electronically with you and that such communications, as well as notices, disclosures, agreements, and other communications that we provide to you electronically, are equivalent to communications in writing and shall have the same force and effect as if they were in writing and signed by the party sending the communication.
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