[113] note: data are in current year dollars$210.86 billion (2019 est.) [30] Malaysia exports the second largest volume and value of palm oil products globally, after Indonesia.[31]. )from petroleum and other liquids: 94.934 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. The Ringgit continued to strengthen to 3.18 to the dollar by March 2008 and appreciated as low as 2.94 to the dollar in May 2011. [150][151], Malaysia has 1 company that rank in the Fortune Global 500 ranking for 2022. [89], The Malaysian government also imposes government taxes such as the Sales and Services tax and real estate taxes. [103], Many international companies have the majority of production capacity located in Malaysia, such as the American company First Solar which has over 2,000 MW of production capacity located in Kulim and only 280 MW located in Ohio,[106] and formerly German-based Hanwha Q Cells which produces 1,100 MW worth of solar cells in Cyberjaya while producing only 200 MW worth of solar cells in Germany. Malaysias total fertility rate (TFR) has dropped from 5 children per woman in 1970, to 3 in 1998, to 2.1 in 2015 as a result of increased educational attainment and labor participation among women, later marriages, increased use of contraception, and changes in family size preference related to urbanization. The TFR is higher among Malays, rural residents (who are mainly Malay), the poor, and the less-educated. Despite the reduced fertility rate, Malaysias population will continue to grow, albeit at a decreasing rate, for the next few decades because of its large number of reproductive-age women. The youth population has been shrinking, and the working-age population (15-64 year olds) has been growing steadily. Malaysias labor market has successfully absorbed the increasing number of job seekers, leading to sustained economic growth. However, the favorable age structure is changing, and around 2020, Malaysia will start to become a rapidly aging society. As the population ages, Malaysia will need to better educate and train its labor force, raise productivity, and continue to increase the number of women workers in order to further develop its economy. Just before the crisis, the Ringgit was traded RM2.50 at the dollar. Quiz. ", "Malaysia's Economic Growth Moderating But Improvement in Second Half Expected", "Malaysia may liberalize ringgit if forex market 'vibrant', "Big jump in Malaysia's ranking for foreign investments - the Rakyat Post - the Rakyat Post", "Release of the Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation? In 2021, 80 percent of Malaysia's population were active internet users (27.4 million), and mobile phone penetration was high (84.2 percent). The report builds on the recommendations from the 4th UN Oceans Forum and the 2nd UN . ), household consumption: 55.3% (2017 est. Rail transport in Malaysia comprises heavy rail (KTM), light rapid transit and monorail (Rapid Rail), and a funicular railway line (Penang Hill Railway). ), municipal: 1.34 billion cubic meters (2020 est. Malaysia was formed in 1963 when the former British colonies of Singapore, as well as Sabah and Sarawak on the northern coast of Borneo, joined the Federation. )$907.832 billion (2019 est. [44] Prior to the incident, the poverty rates among Malays were extremely high (at 65%) as was discontent between races, particularly towards the Chinese, who controlled 74% of the economy at the time. )4.5% (2020 est. The electrical & electronics (E&E) industry is the leading sector in Malaysia's manufacturing sector, contributing significantly to the country's exports (32.8 per cent) and employment (27.2 per cent) in 2013. [50], On 30 June 2009, the prime minister announced further liberation moves including the dismantling of the Bumiputera equity quotas and repealing the guidelines of the Foreign Investment Committee, which was responsible to monitor foreign shareholding in Malaysian companies. However, the government continues to not internationalise the Ringgit. )solar: 0.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est. )other alcohols: 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. The prospect for Penang's manufacturing . )municipal solid waste recycled annually: 2,271,970 tons (2016 est. )4.035 (2018 est. )biomass and waste: 1% of total installed capacity (2020 est. [48] When the Democratic Action Party was elected in the state of Penang in 2008, it announced that it would do away with the NEP, claiming that it "breeds nepotism, corruption and systemic inefficiency".[49]. [84], Malaysia was ranked 33rd in the Global Innovation Index in 2020, up from 35th in 2019. )consumption: 35.268 million metric tons (2020 est. Hydrocarbons will be important part of future ASEAN energy mix [91] On 31 May 2014, during Najib Razak's visit to China where he was welcomed by China's Premier Li Keqiang, China and Malaysia pledged to increase bilateral trade to US$160 billion by 2017. Malaysia encourages foreign oil company participation through production sharing contracts, in which significant amount of oil will be given away to the foreign oil company until it reaches a production milestone. Malaysia has over 1,798 kilometres (1,117mi) of highways and the longest highway, the NorthSouth Expressway, extends over 800 kilometres (497mi) on the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, connecting major urban centres like Kuala Lumpur and Johor Bahru. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. note: data are in current year dollars$238.361 billion (2019 est.) On 21 April 2009, the prime minister Najib Tun Razak announced the liberalization of 27 services sub-sector by abolishing the 30% bumiputera requirement. ), urban population: 78.7% of total population (2023)rate of urbanization: 1.87% annual rate of change (2020-25 est. ), oil palm fruit, rice, poultry, eggs, vegetables, rubber, coconuts, bananas, pineapples, pork, Peninsular Malaysia - rubber and oil palm processing and manufacturing, petroleum and natural gas, light manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, medical technology, electronics and semiconductors, timber processing; Sabah - logging, petroleum and natural gas production;Sarawak - agriculture processing, petroleum and natural gas production, logging, agriculture: 11%industry: 36%services: 53% (2012 est. Within the electronic components sub-sector, the semiconductor devices is the leading contributor of exports for the E&E industry. Kuala Lumpur ( Malaysian pronunciation: [kual, -a lumpo (r), - (r)] ), officially the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur ( Malay: Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur; ) and colloquially referred to as KL, is a federal territory and the ceremonial, legislative and judicial capital city of Malaysia. [128], Malaysia is reputed as one of the most preferred medical tourism destinations with modern private healthcare facilities and highly efficient medical professionals. Economy of Malaysia explained - Everything Explained Today )-1.14% (2020 est. The Taliban established income streams from a . In 1948, the British-ruled territories on the Malay Peninsula except Singapore formed the Federation of Malaya, which became independent in 1957. Malaysia | Green Economy Tracker [56][57] The fund invests in major companies in Malaysia such as CIMB in the banking sector, UEM Group in the construction sector, Telekom Malaysia and Axiata in the communications industry, Malaysia Airports and Malaysia Airlines in the aerospace industry, as well as Tenaga Nasional in the energy sector[58], Another fund that is owned by the Malaysian government is the Employees Provident Fund which is a retirement fund that as of 31 March 2014, has an asset size of RM597 billion. [51], The Malaysian government subsidises and controls prices on a lot of essential items to keep the prices low. )0.66% (2019 est. Malaysia is the world's 26th largest importing economy. If the Burma Railway is rebuilt, services to Myanmar, India, and China could be initiated. ), total subscriptions: 47,201,700 (2021 est. The two-way trade volume between China and Malaysia in 2013 reached $106 billion, making Malaysia China's third-largest trade partner in Asia, just behind Japan and South Korea and eighth largest overall. Other minerals of some importance or significance include copper, bauxite, iron-ore and coal together with industrial minerals like clay, kaolin, silica, limestone, barite, phosphates and dimension stones such as granite as well as marble blocks and slabs. Economy of Sarawak - Wikipedia He also criticized the Federal Government giving cash-handouts and financial aid instead of providing equal access to education to help the marginalized poor to lift their income status. Malaysia's economy is experiencing a triple hit at the beginning of 2020: The Covid-19 pandemic; the collapse of the Pakatan Harapan government; and the crash in global oil prices. This was followed by civil engineering sub-sector (30.6%), residential buildings (29.7%), and special trades (5.1%).[112]. The crops grown by the agricultural sector has also significantly shifted from food crops like paddy and coconut to industrial crops like palm oil and rubber, which in 2005 contributed to 83.7% of total agricultural land use, compared to 68.5% in 1960. Economic Outlook by Economist Intelligence Unit, World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Malaysia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Malaysia&oldid=1162615838, MalaysiaJapan Economic Partnership Agreement, MalaysiaPakistan Closer Economic Partnership Agreement, MalaysiaNew Zealand Free Trade Agreementt, MalaysiaIndia Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement, ASEANJapan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement, ASEANAustralia-New Zealand Free Trade Area Agreement, ASEANHong Kong, China Free Trade Agreement, Malaysia-EFTA Economic Partnership Agreement since 2012, Tariffs applied by Malaysia as provided by ITC's, This page was last edited on 30 June 2023, at 06:10. [28][29] The Malaysian economy is highly robust and diversified with the export value of high-tech products in 2020 standing at US$92.1 billion, the second highest in ASEAN. PDF Economic impact of COVID-19: A Malaysian context - EIS [68] As a part of series of capital controls, the currency was pegged between September 1998 and 21 July 2005 at MYR 3.80 to the dollar after dropping from MYR 2.50 per USD to, at one point, MYR 4.80 per USD. The contribution of these five states accounted for 71.8% of the total value of construction work in Malaysia. Malaysias economy has been transformed since 1970 from one based primarily on the export of raw materials (rubber and tin) to one that is among the strongest, most diversified, and fastest-growing in Southeast Asia. The adoption of Islam between the 13th and 17th centuries also saw the rise of a number of powerful maritime states and sultanates on the Malay Peninsula and the island of Borneo, such as the port city of Malacca (Melaka), which at its height in the 15th century had a navy and hosted thousands of Chinese, Arab, Persian, and Indian merchants.The Portuguese in the 16th century and the Dutch in the 17th century were the first European colonial powers to establish themselves on the Malay Peninsula and Southeast Asia. )forest: 62% (2018 est. ), on food: 21.5% of household expenditures (2018 est. Muslim (official) 61.3%, Buddhist 19.8%, Christian 9.2%, Hindu 6.3%, Confucianism, Taoism, other traditional Chinese religions 1.3%, other 0.4%, none 0.8%, unspecified 1% (2010 est. Malaysia - The World Factbook [25] The 2018 labour productivity of Malaysia was measured at Int$ 55,360 per worker, the third highest in ASEAN. )tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. There are 200 industrial parks along with specialised parks such as Technology Park Malaysia and Kulim Hi-Tech Park. In early December 2020 during the pandemic, Fitch Ratings downgraded the countrys rating from A to BBB+. [74] As of 2009, irrigated land covers 3,800km2. )imports: 4,008,073,000 cubic meters (2020 est. He said Malaysia's main imports from Japan were electrical and electronics, machines and equipment as well as spare parts and accessories for vehicles and cars.[95]. Petronas provides around 30% of the Malaysian government's revenue, although the government has been actively cutting down on its reliance of petroleum, with a target of 20%. Malaysia Energy Situation - energypedia Some, such as Hoo Ke Ping at the Kingsley Strategic Institute, suggested that this was because of a lack of communication between the new government and the ratings agency. Croplands consists of 17.49% while other land uses consists of 77.07%. )crude oil estimated reserves: 3.6 billion barrels (2021 est. COVID-19 in Malaysia: Economic Impacts & Fiscal Responses Malaysia - employment by economic sector 2021 | Statista In comparison, Malaysia's main rival UAE, has US$95 billion of assets. In 2013, Malaysia's total power generation capacity was over 29,728 megawatts. Malaysia Overview of economy, Information about Overview of economy in ), general assessment: as part of a diverse range of initiatives designed to move the country from developing to developed status by 2025, Malaysia has enabled and encouraged open competition in its telecommunications market; the result is very high penetration levels in both the mobile (147%) and mobile broadband (127%) segments, and near-universal coverage of 4G LTE networks; steady growth is occurring as more fiber optic cable networks are being deployed around the country; consumers are the main beneficiaries of the highly competitive market; they enjoy widespread access to high-speed mobile services as well as attractive offers on bundles to keep data use up but prices low; the downside is that most of Malaysias MNOs and MVNOs have struggled to increase revenue in line with growth in subscriber numbers as well as demand for broadband data; while the operators have been very successful in moving a significant proportion (now over 30%) of customers from prepaid over to higher-value postpaid accounts, ARPU continues to fall year after year as a result of competitive pricing pressures; the mobile market, in particular, has become overcrowded and the government is keen to see further rationalization and consolidation with the operators; while customers will no doubt continue to enjoy high quality services at competitive rates, the new entity will be hopeful of squeezing better margins through improved economies of scale; the governments next move is to encourage the private mobile operators to sign up to the countrys wholesale 5G network; this will develop and deploy the 5G infrastructure across the country; the governments stated intent was to avoid duplication of networks and infrastructure, and thus reduce investment costs for the operators; to date, no MNO has agreed to the deal and are instead demanding the development of a dual wholesale network model (one that no doubt offers more flexible terms, at least in the eyes of the MNOs); Malaysias 5G rollout has, in effect, come to a standstill while the government tries to find a way to restart negotiations (2022)domestic: fixed-line roughly 25 per 100 and mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 141 per 100 persons (2021)international: country code - 60; landing points for BBG, FEA, SAFE, SeaMeWe-3 & 4 & 5, AAE-1, JASUKA, BDM, Dumai-Melaka Cable System, BRCS, ACE, AAG, East-West Submarine Cable System, SEAX-1, SKR1M, APCN-2, APG, BtoBe, BaSICS, and Labuan-Brunei Submarine and MCT submarine cables providing connectivity to Asia, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Australia and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean, 1 Pacific Ocean); launch of Kacific-1 satellite in 2019 (2019), state-owned TV broadcaster operates 2 TV networks with relays throughout the country, and the leading private commercial media group operates 4 TV stations with numerous relays throughout the country; satellite TV subscription service is available; state-owned radio broadcaster operates multiple national networks, as well as regional and local stations; many private commercial radio broadcasters and some subscription satellite radio services are available; about 55 radio stations overall (2019), total: 32.98 million (2021 est. [52] As of 2009, 22 per cent of government expenditures were subsidies, with petrol subsidies alone taking up 12 per cent. [101], Science policies in Malaysia are regulated by the Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation. June 26, 2023 Chief U.S. District Judge James K. Bredar sentenced Alexander Barabash of Baltimore, Maryland, today to 14 months in federal prison, followed by six months of home detention as part of three years of supervised release, for wire fraud relating to the submission of fraudulent Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security ("CARES") Act loan applications. Economic impacts of COVID-19. The Malaysian automotive industry is Southeast Asia's sole pioneer of indigenous car companies, namely Proton and Perodua. [64] For example, in the current national plan, three sectors agriculture, manufacturing and services, will receive special attention to promote the transition to high value-added activities in the respective areas.[65]. Others, such as Carmelo Ferlito, from the Centre for Market Education, said it might require something more substantial as the recent budget lacked a strategy for the recovery as well as addressing the political tensions, and also, Shan Saeed at Juwai IQI suggested that the agency had lots its relevance as the analysis was "Behind the curve". Malaysia's economy shrank in 2020 by the most since Asian crisis )51.19% of GDP (2018 est. Malaysia GDP Summary Forecast Stats Download The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Malaysia was worth 372.98 billion US dollars in 2021, according to official data from the World Bank. Malaysia's largest trading partner is China. The country's growing affluent middle class is increasingly driving consumer and business demand for quality products and services. [26] The 2021 Global Competitiveness Report ranked Malaysian economy the 25th most competitive country economy in the world. To date, there are more than 50 companies, largely MNCs producing semiconductors devices in Malaysia. )services: 53.6% (2017 est. [109] The automotive industry contributes 4% or RM 40 billion to Malaysia's GDP, and employs a workforce of over 700,000 throughout a nationwide ecosystem.[108]. )$27,700 (2019 est. Meanwhile, many aspects of capital control have been slowly relaxed by Bank Negara Malaysia. The economic context of Malaysia - International Trade Portal The GDP-by-industry data reveal that both the government and private sector contributed to the 2020 growth. ), total petroleum production: 593,800 bbl/day (2021 est. (male 1,345,767/female 1,431,961), total dependency ratio: 43.3youth dependency ratio: 32.9elderly dependency ratio: 10.4potential support ratio: 9.6 (2021 est. [81], In 2015, Malaysia was the 6th most attractive country for foreign investors, ranked in the Baseline Profitability Index (BPI) published by Foreign Policy Magazine. Economy of Sarawak The economy of Sarawak is the third-largest of the states of Malaysia, making up 9.5% of the Malaysian gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020. )hydroelectricity: 10.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est. The Oregon city's population decline of about 17,400 people to 635,000 was the sixth largest decline among the 50 largest U.S. cities. PDF Malaysia Country Report - ERIA Economic and political overview in Malaysia 20-Jun-23 Malaysia Economic Forecast Malaysia Economic Outlook The economy beat market expectations in Q1 2023. Malaysia has two ports that are listed in the top 20 busiest ports in the world, Port Klang and Port of Tanjung Pelepas, which are respectively the 2nd and 3rd busiest ports in Southeast Asia after the Port of Singapore. As one of three countries that control the Strait of Malacca, international trade plays a very significant role in Malaysia's economy. The biggest banks in Malaysia's finance sector are Maybank, CIMB, Public Bank Berhad, RHB Bank and AmBank. Login / Register. 2. New Statistics for 2021; 2014-2020 Updated. )investment in inventories: 0.3% (2017 est. )note: data are in 2017 dollars, 2.48% (2021 est. Agriculture is now a minor sector of the Malaysian economy, accounting for 7.1% of Malaysia's GDP in 2014 and employing 11.1% of Malaysia's labour force, contrasting with the 1960s when agriculture accounted for 37% of Malaysia's GDP and employed 66.2% of the labour force. Products/activities which fall under this sub-sector include semiconductor devices, passive components, printed circuits and other components such as media, substrates and connectors. The countrys age structure has changed significantly since the 1960s, as fertility and mortality rates have declined. Increasingly, however, Malaysia has emphasized export-oriented manufacturing to fuel its economic growth. A rapid transit project, the KVMRT, is currently under construction to improve Kuala Lumpur's public transport system. With Japanese investment, heavy industries flourished and in a matter of years, Malaysian exports became the country's primary growth engine. Since the 1980s the industrial sector has led Malaysia's growth. [75] In the 19th and 20th century, tin played a predominant role in the Malaysian economy, with Malaysia accounting for over 31% of global output. Although the federal government promotes private enterprise and ownership in the economy, the economic direction of the country is heavily influenced by the government through five years development plans since independence. [26] Currently, many major oil companies such as ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell, Nippon Oil, and Murphy Oil are involved in such contracts. Using the comparative advantages of a relatively inexpensive but educated labour force, well-developed infrastructure, political stability, and an undervalued currency, Malaysia has attracted considerable foreign investment, especially from Japan and Taiwan. Economic History of Malaysia - EH.net GDP (purchasing power parity): $933.3 billion (2017 est.) ), $224.596 billion (2019 est. Rank Country Population in million GDP Nominal millions of USD GDP Nominal per capita USD GDP (PPP) millions of USD GDP (PPP) per capita USD ASEAN 672.397: 3,657,636 Malaysia - eCommerce - International Trade Administration )nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. [80], In 2015, Malaysia's economy was one of the most competitive in the world, ranking 14th in the world and 5th for countries with a population of over 20 million, higher than countries like Australia, United Kingdom, South Korea and Japan. [131], In 2014, Prince Court Medical Centre, a Malaysian hospital, was ranked the world's best hospital for medical tourists by MTQUA. )exports of goods and services: 71.4% (2017 est. 0-14 years: 22.46% (male 3,952,311/female 3,734,607)15-64 years: 69.42% (male 12,198,930/female 11,556,399)65 years and over: 8.12% (2023 est.) [citation needed] However, COVID-19 recession in the country was ended by 1 April 2022 as COVID-19 Deltacron hybrid infection rate continued to fall and ahead of the endemic phase. The time series data over the period 1991-2010 for construction sector and . [37][38][39] In 2009, the PPP GDP was US$383.6 billion, about half the 2014 amount, and the PPP per capita GDP was US$8,100, about one third the 2014 amount.[40]. ), 8.622 million KUALA LUMPUR (capital), 1.086 million Johor Bahru, 857,000 Ipoh (2023), at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.94 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2023 est. note: data are in current year dollars$208.217 billion (2020 est.) ), 4.61% (2021 est. In the beginning of 2020, Malaysian economy was severely afflicted by COVID-19 pandemic that eventually expanded to the rest of the world, and causing the economic shutdown and downturn in the country, worse since 2008. Business Times. Malaysia was the United States' 10th-largest trading partner and its 12th-largest export market. )4.203 (2020 est. Malaysia's industrial sector accounts for 36.8%, over a third of the country's GDP in 2014, and employs 36% of the labour force in 2012. Malaysia also holds 83 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reserves as of January 2014, and was the third-largest natural gas reserve holder in the Asia-Pacific region after China and Indonesia. $881.3 billion (2016 est.) )1% of GDP (2021)1.1% of GDP (2020)1% of GDP (2019)1% of GDP (2018), approximately 115,000 active duty troops (80,000 Army; 18,000 Navy; 17,000 Air Force) (2022), the military fields a diverse mix of older and more modern imported weapons systems from a wide variety of suppliers across Europe, Asia, and the US; in recent years it has received military equipment from approximately 20 countries with South Korea as one of the leading suppliers (2023), 17 years 6 months of age for voluntary military service for men and women (younger with parental consent and proof of age); maximum age of 27 to enlist; mandatory retirement age 60; no conscription (2023)note - in 2020, the military announced a goal of having 10% of the active force comprised of women, the MAF is a professional force primarily focused on internal and maritime security and responding to natural disasters; maritime security has received increased emphasis in recent years, particularly anti-piracy operations in the Strait of Malacca and countering Chinese incursions in Malaysias Economic Exclusion Zone, as well as addressing identified shortfalls in maritime capabilities; as such, Malaysia has undertaken efforts to procure more modern ships, improve air and maritime surveillance, expand the Navys support infrastructure (particularly bases/ports) and domestic ship-building capacities, restructure naval command and control, and increase naval cooperation with regional and international partners; as of 2023, for example, the Navy had 5 frigates on order (due in 2026), which would increase the number of operational frigates from 2 to 7, and complement its small inventory of littoral combat ships (comparable to light frigates in capabilities) and offshore patrol vessels, as well as its 2 attack-type submarines; in addition, the Navy conducts air and naval patrols with Indonesia and the Philippines; it also cooperates with the US military, including on maritime surveillance and training; the Armys force structure reflects its traditional focus on counterinsurgency operations and terrorist threats; its 4 divisional commands are comprised largely of infantry brigades; it also has 2 security brigades, an airborne brigade that serves as a rapid-reaction force, and a special operations brigade; Malaysia does not have a marine corps, but places considerable emphasis on amphibious capabilities for some of its Army ground units; the Air Force has a mix of about 50 combat aircraft and helicoptersMalaysia is a member of the Five Powers Defense Arrangements (FPDA), a series of mutual assistance agreements reached in 1971 embracing Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, and the UK; the FPDA commits the members to consult with one another in the event or threat of an armed attack on any of the members and to mutually decide what measures should be taken, jointly or separately; there is no specific obligation to intervene militarily (2023), the International Maritime Bureau reported four attacks in the territorial and offshore waters of Malaysia in 2022; the South China Sea remains a high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; numerous commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia; crews have been murdered or cast adrift; the Singapore Straits saw 38 attacks against commercial vessels in 2022, a slight increase over 2021 and the highest number of incidents reported since 1992; vessels were boarded in all of the 38 attacks while underway, four crew were taken hostage during these incidents, Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); Jemaah Islamiyah (JI); Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T, piracy remains a problem in the Malacca Strait, Malaysia-Brunei: per Letters of Exchange signed in 2009, Malaysia in 2010 ceded two hydrocarbon concession blocks to Brunei; in 2009, the media reported that Brunei had dropped its claims to the Limbang corridor, but Brunei responded that the subject had never been discussed during recent talks between the two countries, Malaysia-China-Philippines-Vietnam: while the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions over the Spratly Islands, it is not the legally binding "code of conduct" sought by some parties, which is currently being negotiated between China and ASEAN; Malaysia was not party to the March 2005 joint accord among the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam on conducting marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands, Malaysia-Indonesia: land and maritime negotiations with Indonesia are ongoing, and disputed areas include the controversial Tanjung Datu and Camar Wulan border area in Borneo and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea, Malaysia-Philippines: Philippines retains a dormant claim to the eastern part of Malaysia's Sabah State in northern Borneo, Malaysia-Singapore: disputes continue over deliveries of fresh water to Singapore, Singapore's land reclamation, bridge construction, and maritime boundaries in the Johor and Singapore Straits; in 2008, the International Court of Justice awarded sovereignty of Pedra Branca (Pulau Batu Puteh/Horsburgh Island) to Singapore, and Middle Rocks to Malaysia but did not rule on maritime regimes, boundaries, or disposition of South Ledge, Malaysia-Thailand: in 2008, separatist violence in Thailand's predominantly Muslim southern provinces prompts Malaysia to take measures to close and to monitor the border with Thailand to stem terrorist activities, refugees (country of origin): 158,165 (Burma) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2022)stateless persons: 113,930 (2022); note - Malaysia's stateless population consists of Rohingya refugees from Burma, ethnic Indians, and the children of Filipino and Indonesian illegal migrants; Burma stripped the Rohingya of their nationality in 1982; Filipino and Indonesian children who have not been registered for birth certificates by their parents or who received birth certificates stamped "foreigner" are not eligible to attend government schools; these children are vulnerable to statelessness should they not be able to apply to their parents' country of origin for passports, tier rating: Tier 3 Malaysia does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so, therefore Malaysia remained on Tier 3; officials took some steps to address trafficking, including expanding the legal definition of forced labor, increasing assistance for victims in government-funded shelters and judicial processes, and adopting a five-year national action plan against forced labor; however, the government continued to conflate trafficking and migrant smuggling crimes, impeding law enforcement and victim identification; anti-trafficking investigations declined, and no officials allegedly complicit in trafficking were prosecuted or convicted; officials continued to inadequately address allegations of labor trafficking in the rubber manufacturing and palm oil sectors, allowing abusive employers to sometimes operate with impunity; the government identified fewer victims, did not consistently implement procedures to identify victims, and penalized trafficking victims for immigration and prostitution violations (2022)trafficking profile: human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Malaysia and, to a lesser extent, Malaysians abroad; most victims in Malaysia are documented and undocumented migrant workers from Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Nepal, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam; employers and agents exploit some migrants through debt-based coercion, and large organized crime syndicates are involved in some trafficking; Chinese nationals working for Chinese state-affiliated construction projects in Malaysia are vulnerable to forced labor; some young foreign women and girlsmainly from Southeast Asia, although also from Nigeriaare forced into commercial sex work in Malaysia after false recruitment for work in restaurants, hotels, beauty salons, or brokered marriages; refugees, Rohingya and other asylum-seekers, and stateless individuals are vulnerable to sex and labor trafficking; traffickers force Malaysian orphans and children to beg, and increasingly exploit Malaysian women and children in forced labor; corrupt immigration officials facilitate trafficking by accepting bribes from brokers and smugglers at the borders and airports, and other government officials profit from bribes or extortion from and exploitation of migrants (2022), not a source country for illicit drugs bound for the United States but is a significant transit country for drugs destined for Australia; drugs trafficked to Malaysia include crystal methamphetamine and lesser quantities of MDMA (ecstasy), cannabis, heroin, and ketamine; significant number of the population abuse drugs especially methamphetamine, total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030, Children under the age of 5 years underweight, School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education), International law organization participation, https://www.kln.gov.my/web/usa_washington/home, Malacca and George Town, Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca, Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income, Household income or consumption by percentage share, Civil aircraft registration country code prefix, Military and security service personnel strengths, Military equipment inventories and acquisitions, Refugees and internally displaced persons, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI).