what are two religious groups in conflict in ireland?what are two religious groups in conflict in ireland?

The British forces and the Ulster Volunteer Force, the largest loyalist and Protestant paramilitary force, were hardly better. How can colleges maintain or improve student diversity now that the Supreme Court has ruled it unlawful to admit students based partly on race and ethnicity? Indeed, religion is often a central factor in many intractable and violent conflicts around the globe, from the Middle East to Africa and Southeast Asia. These were not religious wars in which Serbian Christian (Orthodox) troops would assume the role of the last bastian against the Muslim advance on the West, although this is how they were often interpreted in Western Europe and the USA. Toggle Holy war concepts in religious traditions subsection 4.1 Ancient warfare and polytheism 4.2 Christianity 4.3 Hinduism 4.4 Islam 4.5 Judaism 4.6 Shinto 4.7 Sikhism 5 Antiquity 6 Middle Ages Toggle Middle Ages subsection 6.1 Christianisation of Europe 6.2 Crusades 6.3 Reconquista 6.4 Hussite Wars 6.5 Soga-Mononobe conflict The comparison is complicated by the fact that Catholic-Protestant conflict in Europe was, in the main, a single-stranded religious conflict within the same nation or ethnic group, 2 whereas in Ireland it was a communal conflict based on multiple, overlapping, differences. '[30] Moreover, ever since the pioneering study of Manfred Weippert, "Heiliger Kriegin Israel und Assyrien" (1972), scholars have been comparing the holy war concept in the (monotheistic) Hebrew Bible with other (polytheistic) ancient Near Eastern war traditions, and found 'many [striking] similarities in phraseology and ideology'. A quarterly journal on all issues related to peace, aimed at the general reader. 10, 1998. For the Saxons () are by nature fierce, devoted to the worship of demons and hostile to our religion, and they think it no dishonour to confound and transgress the laws of God and man. The Global Group Relation Project involved a network of researchers at 100 locations around the world; 25 were chosen due to recent or current inter-group conflict, and 75 were selected at random from a list of United Nations member states. The definition of 'religious war' and the applicability of religion to war have a strong influence on how many wars may be properly labelled 'religious wars', and thus how prevalent religious wars have been as opposed to other wars. [109] Some Hui criticize Uyghur separatism, and generally do not want to get involved in conflicts in other countries over Islam for fear of being perceived as radical. Why? This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. However, peace has continued, and for the most part, so has progress into a long-term existence between the two nations. (March 2023) Religions in the Republic of Ireland ( 2016 census) [1] Catholic Church (77.8%) Church of Ireland (2.8%) Orthodox Christians (1.3%) Other Christians (1.6%) Islam (1.3%) Other religions (2.6%) None (10.1%) Unspecified (2.6%) As well, the president was to be a Christian, the prime minister a Sunni Muslim and the speaker of Parliament a Shia Muslim. This concept does not occur in the Hebrew Bible, whose wars are not fought for religion or in order to promote it but, rather, in order to preserve religion and a religiously unique people in relation to a specific and limited geography. [63] Nolan (2006) named religion as one of several significant causes, summarising the Hussites' motives as 'doctrinal as well as "nationalistic" and constitutional', and providing a series of issues that led to war: the trial and execution of Jan Hus (1415) 'provoked the conflict', the Defenestration of Prague (30 July 1419) 'began the conflict', while 'fighting began after King Wenceslaus died, shortly after the defenestration' (that is, after 19 August 1419). 5.2 De introductie van de vastelandsbeschaving". Religious Motivation During the Troubles - JSTOR The conflict, also known as "The Troubles," claimed more than 3,500 lives. [28] In Sparta, however, each company of youths sacrificed to Enyalios before engaging in ritual fighting at the Phoebaeum. [note 1], The Second Sudanese Civil War from 1983 to 2005 has been described as an ethnoreligious conflict where the Muslim central government's pursuits to impose sharia law on non-Muslim southerners led to violence, and eventually to the civil war. In the second half of the 20th century violent clashes between the two groups killed over 3,000 people. However, there is a majority of Protestants in the northern province of Ulster. The place of religion in education in the Republic of Ireland generates significant conflict between groups promoting different agendas. [citation needed], Reuven Firestone (2012) stated 'that holy war is a common theme in the Hebrew Bible. [34] What are two religious groups in conflict in Ireland? "Tolteken". Ten prisoners died on a hunger strike that ensued. [69] Afterwards, an epidemic broke out, which Shintoists attributed to the anger of the native gods to the intrusion of Buddhism; in reaction, some burnt down the Buddhist temple and threw the Buddha statue into a canal. [108] Xinjiang's Hui population increased by over 520 percent between 1940 and 1982, an average annual growth rate of 4.4 percent, while the Uyghur population only grew by 1.7 percent. March 2022 Researchers from Queen's have transformed the lives of people with Cystic Fibrosis by leading on the clinical development of treatments that address the underlying genetic disorder.. [74] However, in some cases it may be argued that they hid their pro-Anglican and anti-Catholic motives behind legal parlance, for example by emphasising that the Church of England was the legally established religion: 'Seen in this light, the defenses of Parliament's war, with their apparent legal-constitutional thrust, are not at all ways of saying that the struggle was not religious. In the resulting Indo-Pakistani War of 19471948, up to 12.5 million people were displaced, with estimates of loss of life varying from several hundred thousand to a million. "[46], Dawn (2016, translating Rad 1958) stated: "From the earliest days of Israel's existence as a people, holy war was a sacred institution, undertaken as a cultic act of a religious community".[47]. Sudan is majority-Muslim and South Sudan is majority-Christian. [106][107], Tensions with Uyghurs and Hui arose because Qing and Republican Chinese authorities used Hui troops and officials to dominate the Uyghurs and crush Uyghur revolts. Northern Ireland | History of a Conflict and the Peace Process The success of the Good Friday Agreement has been debated. Religious intolerance and discrimination exist on a worldwide scale. Some violence still occurred. The Cold War had a powerful disintegrative effect on Lebanon, which was closely linked to the polarization that preceded the 1958 political crisis. [65] Winkler Prins/Encarta (2002) described the Hussites as a 'movement which developed from a religious denomination to a nationalist faction, opposed to German and Papal influence; in the bloody Hussite Wars (14191438), they managed to resist.' Jews, Muslims, and Christians. Thus minority Catholics gained a share of the political power in Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Ireland a voice in Northern Irish affairs. [12] It was in the 17th century that the concept of "religion" received its modern shape despite the fact that the Bible, the Quran, and other ancient sacred texts did not have a concept of religion in the original languages and neither did the people or the cultures in which these sacred texts were written. The impression lingers that conflict in Northern Ireland is between two groups divided by religious confession or tradition. We only ask that you follow a few basic guidelines. [37] However, according to Torkel Berkke, the Mahabharata does not provide a clear discussion on who has the authority to initiate a war (jus ad bellum), nor on what makes a war just (bellum justum). The degree to which a war may be considered religious depends on many underlying questions, such as the definition of religion, the definition of 'religious war' (taking religious traditions on violence such as 'holy war' into account), and the applicability of religion to war as opposed to other possible factors. This dramatic increase in the Hui population led inevitably to significant tensions between the Hui and Uyghur Muslim populations. a large and fundamental division within a religion. 7.2 Theoretical Framework: Realistic Conflict Group Theory Versus Social Identity Theory Wedistinguishbetweenfourtypesofcausesthatmayleadtointerreligious conflict. [97] Officials estimated that 500 people were massacred in night-time raids by rampaging Muslim gangs. [81] Both of these grand objectives failed, but a smaller version of the latter goal was accepted by most members of the Eteria by 1823, and this goal was generally compatible with the motives of philhellenes who travelled to Greece to enter the war in 182123. Northern Ireland's 'Troubles' began 50 years ago. Here's why they were A number of different scenarios were proposed at various times. '[56] He noted that Charlemagne ordered the destruction of the Irminsul, an object sacred to the Saxons. This paper acknowledges the force of such claims, but argues that religion remains central because, without it, the two communities would long since have merged. [2] The concept of "religion" as an abstraction which entails distinct sets of beliefs or doctrines is a recently invented concept in the English language since such usage began with texts from the 17th century due to the splitting of Christendom during the Protestant Reformation and more prevalent colonization or globalization in the age of exploration which involved contact with numerous foreign and indigenous cultures with non-European languages. [118] Notably, foreign Muslim volunteers came to Bosnia to wage jihad and were thus known as "Bosnian mujahideen". [citation needed], After the dissolution of the British Raj in 1947, British India was partitioned into two new sovereign statesthe Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. Chapter 6 Study Guide Flashcards | Chegg.com Such conflict, however, is not peculiar to . In a 2013 Psychological Science paper, researchers from Arizona State Universitys Center for the Study of Religion and Conflict examine this relationship more closely. What is the role of religion in the conflict currently taking place in Northern Ireland? The aftermath of the anti-Ibo riots led many to believe that security could only be gained by separating from the North. Republish This Article Research has shown that religious beliefs can play a helpful role in the lives of individuals and communities. [20], In their 1997 Encyclopedia of Wars, authors Charles Phillips and Alan Axelrod documented 1763 notable wars in world history, out of which 121 wars were in the "religious wars" category in the index. [114] His orders informed jash (Kurdish collaborators with the Baathists, literally "donkey's foal" in Kurdish) units that taking cattle, sheep, goats, money, weapons and even women as spoils of war was halal (religiously permitted or legal). '[9] While a holy war needs to be authorised by a religious leader and fought by pious soldiers, a religious war does not, he reasoned. All communications will include the opportunity to unsubscribe. While religious infusion can enable intragroup communication and coordination, it may also increase prejudice toward others. The ensuing violence, known as "the. In the case of the IranIraq War (19801988), the new revolutionary government of the Islamic Republic of Iran generally described the conflict as a religious war,[112] and used the narrative of jihad to recruit, mobilise and motivate its troops. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions [5], According to the Encyclopedia of Wars, out of all 1,763 known/recorded historical conflicts, 121, or 6.87%, had religion as their primary cause. [16] In Sanskrit word dharma, sometimes translated as "religion", also means law. On Sunday, January 30, 1972 British forces shot 27 unarmed civilians, killing 13 of them during a civil rights rally. Velikonja, Mitja. [31][32] During the ninth and tenth centuries, multiple invasions occurred which led some regions to make their own armies to defend themselves and this slowly lead to the emergence of the Crusades, the concept of "holy war", and terminology such as "enemies of God" in the 11th century. [57], The Crusades are a prime example of wars whose religious elements have been extensively debated for centuries, with some groups of people in some periods emphasising, restoring or overstating the religious aspects, and other groups of people in some periods denying, nuancing or downplaying the religious aspects of the Crusades in favour of other factors. What are the groups invloved in Ireland religious conflict? [20] Additionally, he found 'ethnic/religious unification/irredenta' to be (one of) the primary cause(s) of 0% of all wars during 16481714 and 17151814, 6% during 18151914, 17% during 19181941, and 12% during 19451989. A recent study examines an often overlooked aspect of mass shootings and calls for a national registry of nonfatal mass shooting injuries. [53] The following are distinguished: Firestone (2012) stated that in the eyes of ancient Rabbinic Judaism, the Maccabean Revolt (167160 BCE), the First JewishRoman War (6673 CE) and the Bar Kokhba revolt (132136 CE) were "holy wars" or "Commanded Wars" (Hebrew: Milkhemet Mitzvah). Religious infusion appears to increase the willingness of otherwise weak groups to endure costly confrontation., Levels of religious infusion did not always cause conflict in the same ways: Whereas religious infusion interacted with value incompatibility to predict levels of prejudice and inter- personal discrimination but not symbolic aggression, individual violence or collective violence it interacted with resource-power differential to predict levels of symbolic aggression, individual violence, and collective violence.. What is Religious Conflict? [11], Theologian William T. Cavanaugh in his Myth of Religious Violence (2009) argues that the very concept of "religion" is a modern Western concept that was invented recently in history. According to scholars such as Jeffrey Burton Russell, conflicts may not be rooted strictly in religion and instead may be a cover for the underlying secular power, ethnic, social, political, and economic reasons for conflict. a form of group conflict in which at . To those against whom war is made, permission is given (to fight), because they are wronged;- and verily, Allah is most powerful for their aid. The early modern wars against the Ottoman Empire were seen as a seamless continuation of this conflict by contemporaries. Riots against Igbo in 1953 and in the 1960s in the north were said to have been sparked by religious conflict. The first revelation concerning the struggle against the Meccans was Quran 22:39-40:[40]. Conflict between church and state or other conflict occurs in the Middle East and in Northern Ireland and Cyprus. (Show more) See all related content Top Questions When did the English Civil Wars occur? Winkler Prins/Encarta (2002) concluded: "The traditional explanation for the Crusades (a religious enthusiasm that found an outlet in a Holy War) has also retained its value in modern historical scholarship, keeping in mind the fact that it has been pointed out that a complex set of socio-economic and political factors allowed this enthusiasm to manifest itself. HKS will never sell your email address or other information to a third party. That is, Jews engaged in what is defined here as holy war. The Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi came close to extinguishing the ancient realm of Abyssinia, and forcibly converting all of its surviving subjects to Islam. [70], The term "religious war" was used to describe, controversially at the time, what are now known as the European wars of religion, and especially the then-ongoing Seven Years' War, from at least the mid 18th century. The authors write that additional research is necessary to better understand the relationship between religion and conflict, particularly because different forms of conflict were predicted by different patterns of variables. They also note that examining any exceptions to the overall trends they observed could be valuable both in theoretical and practical terms when it comes to reducing violent conflict. We only ask that you follow, Tip sheets and explainers to help journalists understand academic research methods, find and recognize high-quality research, and avoid missteps when reporting on new studies and public opinion polls. Religion causes war. At least 30 people were killed, and 120 wounded, including former Prime Minister Shafik Wazzan, who was riding in a bulletproof car. The predominantly Protestant region of Ulster in northeastern Ireland and the rest of Catholic Ireland have been at arms since Queen Elizabeth I first began encouraging migration of the English and Scottish to Ireland in the 17th century. [88] The exact number of refugees is a matter of dispute, though the number of Palestine refugees and their unsettled descendants registered with UNRWA is more than 4.3 million. [110] Hui and Uyghur live apart from each other, praying separately and attending different mosques.[111]. There is no consensus among scholars on what triggered the Lebanese Civil War (19751990). By completing this form, you agree to receive communications from The Journalist's Resource and to allow HKS to store your data. Chapter 6 Reading Guide Flashcards | Quizlet In Greek antiquity, four (or five) wars were fought in and around the Panhellenic sanctuary at Delphi (the Pythia (Oracle) residing in the Temple of Apollo) against persons or states who allegedly committed sacrilegious acts before the god Apollo. [122][123][124][125], "Holy War" and "Wars of religion" redirect here. From 1968-1998 Northern Ireland was being torn apart from the inside. Despite most Americans general unfamiliarity with this issue, it is natural for Americans to feel bias toward the cause of the Protestants and British when one examines photographs (see other document). [112] Some of the underlying motives of Saddam appear to have been controlling the Shatt al-Arab waterway and region (previously settled by the 1975 Algiers Agreement, which had ended Imperial Iranian support for the 197475 Kurdish rebellion against the Iraqi government[113]:3:27), obtaining access to the oil reserves in Khuzestan, and exploiting the instability of post-Revolution Iran, including the failed 1979 Khuzestan insurgency. JUDY WOODRUFF: Now: the simmering unrest in Northern Ireland. Ukraine: Religion, Peace and Conflict Country Profile. [29], Hans M. Barstad (2008) claimed that this ancient Greek attitude to war and religion differed from that of ancient Israel and Judah: 'Quite unlike what we find with the Greeks, holy war permeated ancient Israelite society. [10] Examples include the War of the Three Henrys and the Succession of Henry IV of France during the French Wars of Religion, the Hessian War and the War of the Jlich Succession during the Reformation in Germany, and the Jacobite risings (including the WilliamiteJacobite wars) during the Reformation in Great Britain and Ireland. Often, religion is a contentious issue. Where are the majority of these groups located? They complained that Muslim members did not have the same rights as Hindu members. [69] Whereas the Soga argued that Buddhism was a better religion because it had come from China and Korea, whose civilisations were widely regarded as superior and to be emulated in Yamato (the central kingdom of Japan), the Mononobe and Nakatomi maintained that there should be continuity of tradition and that worshipping the native gods (kami) was in the best interest of the Japanese. A project of Harvard Kennedy School's Shorenstein Center, The Journalists Resource curates, summarizes and contextualizes high-quality research on newsy public policy topics. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (or PIRA) was the primary military (or terrorist, depending on perspective) force fighting for a unified Ireland. [45] Olson (2012), who believed the war narrative to be a fictional story with a theological purpose, noted that the Israelite soldiers' actions in Numbers 31 closely followed the holy war regulations set out in Deuteronomy 20:14, although Moses' commandment to also kill the captive male children and non-virgin women was a marked departure from these regulations. But understood within the symbolic world of the ancient writers of Numbers, the story of the war against the Midianites is a kind of dress rehearsal that builds confidence and hope in anticipation of the actual conquest of Canaan that lay ahead. [17][18], According to McGarry & O'Leary (1995), it is evident that religion as one aspect of a people's cultural heritage may serve as a cultural marker or ideological rationalization for a conflict that has deeper ethnic and cultural differences. [114] Some commentators have concluded that the code name was meant to serve as 'a religious justification' for the campaign against the Kurds. [113]:16:05 Moreover, the Anfal campaign (19861989; in strict sense FebruarySeptember 1988) was code-named after Al-Anfal, the eighth sura of the Qur'an which narrates the triumph of 313 followers of the new Muslim faith over almost 900 pagans at the Battle of Badr in the year 624. a division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations into a single . Islam and Christianity are competing for converts in parts of black Africa. Religious Groups | Encyclopedia.com Into the 21st century, agreements between the two parties have been hard to come by. Opinions differ as to the role of religion in the Northern Ireland . "in the way of God"), which includes the aspect of struggle "by the sword". While he received occasional sacrifice from armies going to war, there was only a very limited "cult of Ares". The 1948 Palestinian exodus also known as the Nakba (Arabic: ),[87] occurred when approximately 711,000 to 726,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled from their homes, during the 1948 ArabIsraeli War and the Civil War that preceded it. Sectarianism - Wikipedia Keywords internal armed conflict, rebellion, religion, collective action, civil wars The Troubles - Wikipedia "In hoc signo vinces: religious symbolism in the Balkan wars 19911995." [30], According to historian Edward Peters, before the 11th century, Christians had not developed a concept of holy war (bellum sacrum), whereby fighting itself might be considered a penitential and spiritually meritorious act. As such, he argues that the concept of "religious violence" or "religious wars" are incorrectly used to anachronistically label people and conflicts as participants in religious ideologies that never existed in the first place. The primary issue at hand was inequalities amongst the people, particularly British favoritism of Protestants. [112][113]:9:24, 16:05 On the other hand, justifications from the Saddam Hussein-led Ba'athist Iraq were mostly framed in terms of a supposed PersianArab historical enmity, and Iraq-centred Arab nationalism (including support for Arab separatism in Khuzestan). Did not Allah check one set of people by means of another, there would surely have been pulled down monasteries, churches, synagogues, and mosques, in which the name of Allah is commemorated in abundant measure. Between June and July there was a mass exodus of Ibo from the north and west. [4], There is no precise equivalent of "religion" in Hebrew, and Judaism does not distinguish clearly between religious, national, racial, or ethnic identities. . Roman Catholicism and Protestantism figured on the opposing sides of this conflict, though Catholic France took the side of the Protestants, but it did so for purely political reasons. No such division has ever existed in the Islamic world, and consequently, there cannot be a real division between wars that are "religious" from such that are "non-religious". Cultural similarity among coreligionists within and between - PNAS Over time, they became weary of living as second-class citizens, and they began to protest in the streets. AP Human Geography Chapter 6 key issue 1 Flashcards | Quizlet [2][3][4] In several conflicts including the IsraeliPalestinian conflict, the Syrian civil war, and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, religious elements are overtly present, but variously described as fundamentalism or religious extremismdepending upon the observer's sympathies. Secondly, it has been argued that religion is difficult to isolate as a factor, and is often just one of many factors driving a war. We are supported by generous grants from the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, The National Institute for Health Care Management (NIHCM) Foundation and individual contributors. as well as other religious groups . Although their function was very similar to that of a professional government, they were not in any way supported by the official government of the Republic of Ireland. Among the first to make the demand for a separate state was the writer/philosopher Allama Iqbal, who, in his presidential address to the 1930 convention of the Muslim League said that a separate nation for Muslims was essential in an otherwise Hindu-dominated subcontinent. What events in American history do The Troubles compare to? Palestinians came to play a very important role in future Lebanese civil conflicts, and the establishment of Israel radically changed the local environment in which Lebanon found itself. It remains one of the longest and most brutal wars in human . Thus, religion was merged with national identity. Islam does not have any normative tradition of pacifism, and warfare has been integral part of Islamic history both for the defense and the spread of the faith since the time of Muhammad. The notion of parochial altruism chimes with our folk belief that group members pull together in times of adversity; for example, during the second World War, the term Dunkirk spirit came into common use following the evacuation of Allied troops across the English Channel aided by civilians, at a great risk to themselves, using flotillas of plea. the Troubles, also called Northern Ireland conflict, violent sectarian conflict from about 1968 to 1998 in Northern Ireland between the overwhelmingly Protestant unionists (loyalists), who desired the province to remain part of the United Kingdom, and the overwhelmingly Roman Catholic nationalists (republicans), who wanted Northern Ireland to be. It is a significant fact that the standard of revolt was raised by no mere patriot, but by Germanus, the aged Archbishop of Patras, who came forward, strong in his spiritual dignity () to be the first champion in the cause of Hellenic liberty. What are three religions in constant conflict over the land in he Middle East? [113]:3:06 Peyman Asadzade (2019) stated: 'Although the evidence suggests that religious motivations by no means contributed to Saddam's decision to launch the war, an overview of the Iranian leaders' speeches and martyrs' statements reveals that religion significantly motivated people to take part in the war. [38] [39] The government attempted to suppress the protests. Divinely legitimized through the authority of biblical scripture and its interpretation, holy war became a historical reality for the Jews of antiquity. Denomination. Among at least some of the Jewish groups of the late Second Temple period until the middle of the second century, C.E., holy war was an operative institution. The cultural distances between religious groups in previous conflicts, such as late-20th-century conflicts in Ireland and Sri Lanka may shed light on this issue and improve our understanding of the dynamics among groups that are unified by religion as well as politics. Ireland has two main religious groups. A religious war or a war of religion, sometimes also known as a holy war (Latin: sanctum bellum), is a war which is primarily caused or justified by differences in religion and beliefs. Youll receive a weekly update of important new resources to inform your news coverage and consumption. Religion as Source of Conflict: Interpretations and Evidence [105] During the Dungan revolt fighting broke out between Uyghurs and Hui.