In addition, hydrolysed collagen promoted osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) which preserved their immunomodulation ability. Furthermore, enzymes from fish, being extracted from edible animals, have the added advantage of being safe, so that toxicological tests on raw materials are not necessary [43,258]. The use of fish trypsin is increasing enormously, thanks to the unique features of these enzymes including the stability and the high catalytic activity in a wide range of pH and temperature values, including hard conditions (3870 C; pH value 811) [266]. Many techniques are used to treat fish wastes, such as mechanical, biotechnological techniques, ultrasound-assisted extraction, or microwave-assisted extraction technologies to be suitable for human and animal feeding. Lin P., Hua N., Hsu Y.-C., Kan K.-W., Chen J.-H., Lin Y.-H., Lin Y.-H., Kuan C.-M. The authors also thank the ERA-Net Marine Biotechnology BlueShell and ERA-Net BlueBio Cofund BlueCC projects. [252] qualitatively characterized and investigated the antimicrobial effects of the fish oil extracted from S. salar waste samples derived from Italian fish markets and evaluated the potential use of these compounds for treating pathogen infections. Purification and characterization of antioxidant peptide from hoki (, Jun S.-Y., Park P.-J., Jung W.-K., Kim S.-K. Purification and characterization of an antioxidative peptide from enzymatic hydrolysate of yellowfin sole (, Je J.-Y., Park P.-J., Kim S.-K. Antioxidant activity of a peptide isolated from Alaska pollack (. Rajasree S.R., Gobalakrishnan M., Aranganathan L., Karthih M. Fabrication and characterization of chitosan based collagen/gelatin composite scaffolds from big eye snapper Priacanthus hamrur skin for antimicrobial and anti oxidant applications. The many possible conformations of chitin and chitosan (fibers, powders, films, sponges, beads, gels, capsules) allow the exploitation of chitosan for drugs administration in several ways and for tissue engineering and wound care dressing [213,214]. Proteases represent the largest group of enzymes naturally found in fish. In addition, skin-derived peptides from the sutchi catfish P. hypophthalmus showed matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitory activity [163,164]. Collagenases have been isolated from epithelial, cartilaginous, bony tissues, and digestive tracts of several fish [43]. Herbivorous fish eat a feed mixture that may contain plant proteins (e.g., soy, corn), vegetable oils, minerals, and vitamins. Esteban M., Garca A., Ramos P., Mrquez M. Evaluation of fruitvegetable and fish wastes as alternative feedstuffs in pig diets. Biotechnol. Around 20% of all plastic waste in the oceans comes from marine sources. Mohan S.V., Varjani S., Pant D., Sauer M., Chang J.S. Recent advances on chitosan-based micro- and nanoparticles in drug delivery. Fish pepsins are generally located within the fish stomach and have greater activity in acidic conditions [262]. Plastic Pollution - Our World in Data Shahidi F., Arachchi J.K.V., Jeon Y.-J. Emerging technologies for the production of nutraceuticals from agricultural by-products: A viewpoint of opportunities and challenges. A commercial product that includes cold tolerant protease from North Atlantic cod is designated as Penzim [44]. Animal-derived medicinal products in Russia: Current nomenclature and specific aspects of quality control. Extraction and Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan from (. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Majority of the respondents, 39.7% and 33.3%, disposed their fish waste by throwing back into the pond(s) and giving to other animals in the farm, respectively. The reason for the great interest in fish oil is that it contains two important PUFAs called EPA and DHA or otherwise called omega-3 fatty acids. Lipases from mammals and fishes. Isolation and identification of pelteobagrin, a novel antimicrobial peptide from the skin mucus of yellow catfish (. Arnaud C., De Lamballerie M., Pottier L. Effect of high pressure processing on the preservation of frozen and re-thawed sliced cod (. Li Q., Yi L., Marek P., Iverson B.L. The. The rise of aquaculture by-products: Increasing food production, value, and sustainability through strategic utilisation. Takeuchi H., Yamamoto H., Kawashima Y. Mucoadhesive nanoparticulate systems for peptide drug delivery. Two types of waste . To investigate this aspect, Moula Ali added different concentrations of fermentative recovered fish oil (FFO) to broilers diet, which resulted in incorporation of EPA + DHA in the animal, observing a consequent reduction in cholesterol (ranging from 9.2 to 16.6% compared with control) and triglyceride (ranging from 1.5 to 3.1% compared with control) concentrations in serum, liver and meat of birds fed with FFO. According to [185], it is really hard to achieve the suitable purity degree due to some compounds that naturally occur within chitin, for which the complete elimination is difficult. Compared to microbial proteases that are generally applied, endogenous fish proteases have relatively narrow and unique specificities [283,285], therefore have been also used for the preparation of fish hydrolyzates with several bioactivities (see Section 3.2). No. Proteases are one of the most interesting groups of industrial enzymes, widely used for several applications, especially in the food industry and as components of laundry detergents [269,270]; approximately 60% of the total enzyme market involves the use of proteases [271]. Moreover, collagen-derived peptides that have shown antioxidant activity were: GLFGPR peptide from L. calcarifer skins [152], HGPLGPL peptide from J. belengerii skin [137], GPRGTIGLVG, GPAGPAG, and GFPSG from scales of Pseudosciaena crocea [153], HGPHGE, DGPKGH, and MLGPFGPS from Katsuwonus pelamis scales [100], GPDGR, GADIVA, GAPGPQMV, AGPK, and GAEGFIF from K. pelamis bones with GADIVA and GAEGFIF that showed strongest antioxidant activity [154], GPE, GARGPQ, and GFTGPPGNG from Sphyrna lewini cartilage [155], YGCC, DSSCSG, NNAEYYK, and PAGNVR purified from Theragra chalcogramma skin [156]. 1. Identification of MMP-1 inhibitory peptides from cod skin gelatin hydrolysates and the inhibition mechanism by MAPK signaling pathway. Fish collagen-based scaffold containing PLGA microspheres for controlled growth factor delivery in skin tissue engineering. The expansion of the food and beverage industry due to the growing needs of the population, including the need to improve the flavor, quality and texture of food is leading to continued growth of enzymes market. In particular, seafood proteases from Atlantic salmon and trypsin from fish pyloric ceca have been used [286,287]. The biological activities of fish peptides and methods of their isolation. Muhammed M., Domendra D., Muthukumar S., Sakhare P., Bhaskar N. Effects of fermentatively recovered fish waste lipids on the growth and composition of broiler meat. The promising results strongly encouraged the exploitation and enhancement of this waste, whose production takes on increasing connotations every year. Zampolli A., Bysted A., Leth T., Mortensen A., De Caterina R., Falk E. Contrasting effect of fish oil supplementation on the development of atherosclerosis in murine models. Kurtovic I., Marshall S.N., Zhao X., Simpson B.K. In consideration of the scale of demand for seafood worldwide, the use of fish discards as a source of high-value compounds is an excellent cost recovery strategy, especially in the historical period we are experiencing. Release Off. Long-chain omega-3 oils: Current and future supplies, food and feed applications, and stability. Waste spider crab shell and derived chitin as low-cost materials for cadmium and lead removal. This highlights the need of a new economic model focused on the social wellbeing and environmental sustainability at the core of the EUs economic recovery. Immunomodulatory and antioxidants properties of fixed combination of fish oil with plant extracts. Waste Disposal Methods - Types Of Waste Disposal | Solutions - BYJU'S Introduction Global use of natural resources has been increasing substantially in recent years, reaching 92.1 billion tons in 2017 and resulting in an increase of 254% from 27 billion in 1970, with the rapid build-up in the annual extraction since 2000 [ 1 ]. Characterization of chitin extracted from fish scales of marine fish species purchased from local markets in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. In addition, hydrolysates and purified peptides have been tested for bioactivities useful for prevention and treatment of several human pathologies. For example, it is well noted that the visceral mass of fish discards has a significant amount of oil or fat apart from proteins [224]. The global fish oil market size was valued at $ 1,905.77 million in 2019, and is estimated to reach $ 2844.12 million by 2027 with a CAGR of 5.79% from 2021 to 2027 [221]. These enzymes catalyse the hydrolysis of peptide bonds, through different mechanisms of action [260]. Identification of iron-chelating peptides from Pacific cod skin gelatin and the possible binding mode. By using GC/MS they showed that the specific fatty acid composition of the salmon waste oils was enriched in MUFAs and PUFAs, with special reference to omega-3, -6, -7, -9 fatty acids. The omega-3 fatty acids are very well known to have beneficial bioactivities including prevention of atherosclerosis, arrhythmias, reduced blood pressure, benefit to diabetic patients, protection against manic-depressive illness, reduced symptoms in asthma patients, protection against chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, alleviating the symptoms of cystic fibrosis, improving survival of cancer patients, reduction in cardiovascular disease and improved learning ability [173,226,227,228,242,243,244,245]. Lu J., Hou H., Fan Y., Yang T., Li B. Lassoued I., Mora L., Barkia A., Aristoy M.C., Nasri M., Toldr F. Bioactive peptides identified in thornback ray skins gelatin hydrolysates by proteases from Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. In: Shahidi F., editor. Effect of fish oil on cognitive performance in older subjects: A randomized, controlled trial. Moreover, collagen/gelatin/chitosan novel porous scaffolds fabricated using blends of collagen and gelatin obtained from the marine big eye snapper Priacanthus hamrur skin showed both antioxidant (maximum activity in both DPPH and ABTS assay at 1mg/mL) and antibacterial (maximum activity at 200 g by disc diffusion assay) activity against E. coli and S. aureus [90]. Characterization of fish collagen from blue shark skin and its application for chitosan- collagen composite coating to preserve red porgy (. Karkal S.S., Kudre T.G. [129] evaluated the ACE inhibitory and antioxidant activities of yellowtail fish bone hydrolysates. Pallela R., Bhatnagar I., Venkatesan J., Shim Y., Kim S. Application of Marine CollagenBased Scaffolds in Bone Tissue Engineering. [164] analysed the anti-photoaging effects of collagen tripeptide (167333 mg/kg/day oral administration for 14 weeks) on a hairless mouse model. (PDF) Chapter 11. Fish Waste Management. In: "Seafood - ResearchGate Biol. Arnesen J.A., Gildberg A. The traditional methods of extracting and processing seafood waste and by-products involve chemical treatment with strong alkalis and acids, which cause a loss of functionality in the end-product, environmental pollution, and health hazards for operators (Gao et al., 2021).As a result, alternative methods based on enzyme and microbial fermentation are getting more attention due to their . An important chitin derivative is the chitosan, obtained by deacetylation of chitin, and with a molecular structure in which the 2-amine-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose units predominate [182]. Mller W.E.G. Younes I., Rinaudo M. Chitin and chitosan preparation from marine sources. The nutraceutical market requires oils low in oxidation and contaminants, but also with high levels of omega-3 fatty acids [241]. In: Kim S.-K., editor. Vidotti R.M., Viegas E.M.M., Carneiro D.J. Moreover, intestinal protease extracted from bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) was used to hydrolyze hoki (Johnius belengerii) bones [174]. Reduce air, water, and land pollution. Offret C., Fliss I., Bazinet L., Marette A., Beaulieu L. Identification of A Novel Antibacterial Peptide from Atlantic Mackerel belonging to the GAPDH-Related Antimicrobial Family and Its In Vitro Digestibility. Van De Rest O., Geleijnse J.M., Kok F.J., Van Staveren W.A., Dullemeijer C., Rikkert M.O., Beekman A.T., De Groot C.P. The fish scales were treated with maceration procedure after drying for three days, washed from residual minerals with acid (HCl 1M) at 30 C and finally rinsed with deionized water and deproteinized at 95 C. The general applications of chitin and chitosan have been extensively reviewed by several authors [10,42,200,201]. 5 Citations Metrics Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the estimation and management of fish and shrimp wastes in Bushehr province. 3. Aquatic Waste Treatment and Utilization These organisms living in diverse and often hostile environmental conditions, incomparable with the terrestrial habitats, have developed enzymes with unique characteristics [26,258,259], capturing the interest of many researchers. Cod liver oil 1.5% added to the growth medium of Staphylococcus epidermidis CMST Pi 1 demonstrated to be a suitable triglyceride source to increase lipase production (14.8 U/mL) compared with castor oil, palm oil, and other vegetable oils [251]. Collagen hydrolysates obtained from skin of Aluterus monoceros have been found to possess anticancer, antidiabetic and wound healing properties, thus suggest that collagen may represent a flexible and multipurpose material [169]. Moreover, it has been shown that cod pepsin could be used in the descaling of fish such as hake and haddock; after a treatment of fish with pepsin in weak acid conditions, the scales could be easily removed with a quick passage through a water jet system [276]. The methods used for fish waste treatment include: hydrolysis, bioremediation, anaerobic treatment, filtration, screening and several other miscellaneous/multifunctional methods. Rubio-Rodrguez N., Beltrn S., Jaime I., De Diego S.M., Sanz M.T., Carballido J.R. Production of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrates: A review. However, antifungal activities have been reported as well, such as against the fungus Candida albicans. Fish Waste Management. Better conserve natural resources, habitats, and energy. Fish sauce prepared by autolysis of fish is a popular condiment due to its distinctive flavor and taste. Choe U., Mustafa A.M., Lin H., Xu J., Sheng K. Effect of bamboo hydrochar on anaerobic digestion of fish processing waste for biogas production. Qingjie S., Zhang S., Yu J., Yang J., Xiong L., Sun Q. Chitosan is used in large quantities in the production of several consumer products, i.e., antiseptics, food items, cosmetics, medicines, and textiles, and is very attractive for its numerous biological properties and as a therapeutic agent because of its antibacterial and antifungal characteristics. [(accessed on 17 September 2020)]; Coppola D., Oliviero M., Vitale G.A., Lauritano C., DAmbra I., Iannace S., De Pascale D. Marine Collagen from Alternative and Sustainable Sources: Extraction, Processing and Applications. The complete list of isolated and characterized enzymes from fish have been reviewed by [10,43]. Lipases show specificity in terms of fatty acids, nature of the alcohol, and stereospecificity. Mol. WASTE MANAGEMENT IN AQUACULTURE Best management practices to reduce aquaculture waste The growth in aquaculture has led to an increase in the use of feeds applied to water for improved production. Muslim et al. SM9913. The trash heaps are usually left open to the environment and the elements. Furthermore, the use of these lipases could be useful for specialty esters for personal care products and environmentally safe surfactants for applications in detergents or as food emulsifiers [297]. Adopting a circular economy: Current practices and future perspectives. Ge B., Wang H., Li J., Liu H., Yin Y., Zhang N., Qin S. Comprehensive Assessment of Nile Tilapia Skin (, Elbialy Z.I., Atiba A., Abdelnaby A., Al-Hawary I.I., Elsheshtawy A., El-Serehy H.A., Abdel-Daim M.M., Fadl S.E., Assar D.H. Collagen extract obtained from Nile tilapia (, Madhumanchi S., Suedee R., Nakpheng T., Tinpun K., Temboot P., Srichana T. Binding interactions of bacterial lipopolysaccharides to polymyxin B in an amphiphilic carrier sodium deoxycholate sulfate. al. The antioxidant as well as the immunomodulatory properties of the combination of fish (salmon) oil with plant extracts was reported by [250], demonstrating that the synergistic effect lead to an increasing of bioactivity compared with fish oil extract alone. Fish nutritional needs vary by species. Oil from fish waste and their possible applications. Peptides were also isolated from Raja kenojei skin protein hydrolysates obtained by treatment with several proteases (i.e., alcalase, a-chymotrypsin, neutrase, pepsin, papain, and trypsin). This is particularly true for chitosan, which exhibited a higher solubility in various acidic solvents than the poor soluble and reactive chitin, and possess antimicrobial activity against many pathogenic microorganisms [220]. Comp. For example, Vzquez and collaborators [107] have just published a study on the use of the turbot Scophthalmus maximus byproducts. Biotechnol. Preparation, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of chitin nanofibrils reinforced carrageenan nanocomposite films. By 2050 the global population will increase to approximately nine billion, so no food must be lost from the food chain. Olsen R.L., Toppe J., Karunasagar I. More recently interesting results have been obtained from typical tropical saltwater fishes species, namely red snapper and parrotfish. Wu W., Li B., Hou H., Zhang H., Zhao X. Xu et al. Biochem. Byproducts from Agriculture and Fisheries: Adding Value for Food, Feed, Pharma, and Fuels. Pozharitskaya O.N., Shikov A.N., Kosman V.M., Selezneva A.I., Urakova I.N., Makarova M.N., Makarov V.G. Moura C., Muszinski P., Schmidt C., Almeida J., Pinto L. Obtainment of chitin and production of chitosan from residues of shrimp and crab. Among the enzymes, pepsin plays an important role in the preparation of silage [277]. The Gas ChromatographyMass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis confirmed the presence of good quantity of palmitoleic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, which are essential biodiesel components [238]. Despite the inconsistency of available information, we can obtain some interesting insights from the existing studies referring to molecules extracted mainly from crustaceans, which, thanks to the intense work done in recent decades for their applicability, are considered more fruitful than cellulose [204]. The chitosan extracted from the fish scales of Papuyu fish has been proved to improve the removal of iron in the groundwater from 11.80 mg/L to 3.43 mg/L, by evidencing higher efficiency in coagulation/flocculation treatment than the commercial chitosan from shrimp shell [199]. Evaluation of the Potential of Collagen from Codfish Skin as a Biomaterial for Biomedical Applications. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Moreover, antioxidant activity was identified in the peptide VKAGFAWTANQQLS isolated from tuna backbone protein, that inhibited the lipid peroxidation in linoleic acid emulsion system and quenched free radicals (DPPH, hydroxyl and superoxide) in a dose-dependent manner [149]. Hydrolysed fish collagen has been found to induce osteoclastin differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs), improving expression levels of anti-inflammatory mediators, such as inteleukin-6 (IL-6), TGF-1, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The oleaginous extract was tested against two Gram-positive and Gram-negative, respectively S. aureus ATCC 6538 and ATCC 25923 and P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027 and ATCC15442 demonstrating an inhibition effect with a MIC of 25 and 12.5%, presumably attributed to their action on cell membrane alteration and destabilisation [253]. Types of Composting and Understanding the Process | US EPA 3.4.7. PDF 4.10. F WASTE MANAGEMENT - College of Agricultural Sciences Chitosan Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report by Application (Pharmaceutical & Biomedical, Water Treatment, Cosmetics, Food & Beverage), by Region (APAC, North America, Europe, MEA), and Segment Forecasts, 20202027. Regarding the antioxidant activity, the most active were hydrolysates with MW 10,000, followed by crude hydrolysates, MW between 1000 and 10,000, and MW 1000 (IC50 were about 5, 8, 10, 35 mg/mL). In particular, Boarin-Alalde and Graciano-Fonseca [45] tried to adjust the procedure generally used to isolate these compounds from crustaceans, including a pretreatment, demineralization, deproteinization, depigmentation and deodorizing and finally deacetylation to obtain chitosan. Interesting peptides with ACE inhibitory activity were isolated from fish frame protein hydrolysates, including FGASTRGA isolated from Alaska pollack protein hydrolysates, obtained with pepsin (IC50 = 14.7 M) [117], MIFPGAGGPEL obtained from Yellowfin sole (Limanda aspera) hydrolysates MW < 5KDa (IC50 = 28.7 g/mL) [127], GDLGKTTTVSNWSPPKYKDTP isolated from tuna (IC50 = 11.28 M) [128]. 5 Waste Management Methods You Should Know In the wild, carnivorous fish such as salmon eat other fish. Rumengan I., Suptijah P., Wullur S., Talumepa A. Before they can be effectively used, several extraction methods have been applied in order to get bioactive peptides, such as acid-alkaline hydrolysis (by using acidic or alkaline reagent), enzymatic hydrolysis (by using enzymes to hydrolyze fish waste), and fermentation (by using microorganisms as source of enzymes) [38,47,104]. Kato Y., Onishi H., Machida Y. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. As reviewed by [44], these enzymes have been isolated from the gastric mucosa of several fish species, such as sardine, capelin, cod, salmon, shark, mackerel, orange roughy, tuna, trout, and carp. This topic includes various characteristics of fish waste, separate treatment of liquid fish waste and solid waste using chemicals and Indore composting method and proper disposal.After carrying out and performing the above mentioned processes on fish waste, results will be analysed and compared with required standard results.Depending upon the . Kandyliari A., Mallouchos A., Papandroulakis N., Golla J.P., Lam T.T., Sakellari A., Karavoltsos S., Vasiliou V., Kapsokefalou M. Nutrient Composition and Fatty Acid and Protein Profiles of Selected Fish By-Products. al., compared the performance and emissions of Fish Oil Methyl Ester (FOME) with fossil diesel and demonstrated that FOME could be used as alternative fuel to diesel in stationary diesel engines [32]. The positive results suggested the potential use of the salmon collagen peptide for functional foods to relieve aging memory deficits [160]. Sripriya R., Kumar R. A Novel Enzymatic Method for Preparation and Characterization of Collagen Film from Swim Bladder of Fish Rohu (. Structure, properties and applications. Hua Y., Ma C., Wei T., Zhang L., Shen J. Collagen/Chitosan Complexes: Preparation, Antioxidant Activity, Tyrosinase Inhibition Activity, and Melanin Synthesis. The major n-3 PUFAs were EPA (C20:5) and DHA (C22:6) with contents varying from 3.36 to 5.51% and from 9.07 to 30.50% respectively. On the other side, Inguglia et al. Tissue Engineering III: CellSurface Interactions for Tissue Culture. Antioxidant and functional properties of gelatin hydrolysates obtained from skin of sole and squid. Fish collagen peptide inhibits the adipogenic differentiation of preadipocytes and ameliorates obesity in high fat diet-fed mice. Digestive lipases have been isolated and characterized from several fish species, including Atlantic cod (G. morhua) pyloric ceca/pancreas, Atlantic salmon (S. salar) pancreas, red sea bream (P. major) hepatopancreas, rainbow trout (O. mykiss) inter-cecal pancreatic tissue and pyloric ceca, oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps) hepatopancreas, spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthius) pancreas, Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) stomach, intestine, grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) viscera [10] and reference within. Hasegawa M., Yagi K., Iwakawa S., Hirai M. Chitosan Induces Apoptosis via Caspase-3 Activation in Bladder Tumor Cells. Harnedy P.A., Fitzgerald R.J. Bioactive peptides from marine processing waste and shellfish: A review. The three most common methods for utilization of aquatic waste (either from aquaculture or wild stock) are the manufacture of fish meal/oil, the production of silage or the use of waste in the manufacture of organic fertilizer. Vo T.-S., Ngo D.-H., Kim J.-A., Ryu B., Kim S.-K. An antihypertensive peptide from tilapia gelatin diminishes free radical formation in murine microglial cells. Fish proteinases generally have high activity in a large range of pH and temperature values, making them suitable for several industrial applications, such as in the detergent, food, pharmaceutical, and agrochemical industries [272]. Ibrahim A., Soliman M., Kotb S., Ali M. Evaluation of fish skin as a biological dressing for metacarpal wounds in donkeys. Nalinanon S., Benjakul S., Visessanguan W., Kishimura H. Tuna pepsin: Characteristics and its use for collagen extraction from the skin of threadfin bream (Nemipterus spp. Pollutants damage the quality of air, water, and land. The only exception is represented by the study of Irawan et al., [201] which demonstrated the promising employment of chitosan in environmental recovery. Fish Collagen: Extraction, Characterization, and Applications for Biomaterials Engineering. Biochemistry of Collagens, Laminins and Elastin: Structure, Function and Biomarkers. Similarly, Jeon et al. Unlike metallocollagenases, zinc-containing enzymes, which show exclusive specificity for collagen, serine-collagenases have a wide proteolytic activity in addition to collagenolytic activity [258]. Crude pepsin from Atlantic cod is often used for industrial descaling [277]. Chen C.-C., Chaung H., Chung M.-Y., Huang L.-T. Menhaden fish oil improves spatial memory in rat pups following recurrent pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures. Peptides isolated from only two species, SPGSSGPQGFTG, GPVGPAGNPGANGLN, PPGPTGPRGQPGNIGF from the halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis and IPGDPGPPGPPGP, LPGERGRPGAPGP and GPKGDRGLPGPPGRDGM from the tilapia O. niloticus, have been reported to have anti-hyperglycemic activity [135]. Parenting is one of the most complex and challenging jobs you'll face in your lifetime -- but also the most rewarding. As reported by [43], fish trypsins have been isolated from sardines, capelin, salmon, cod, bluefish, anchovy, Atlantic croaker, carp, aquacultured tilapia, ray fish, mackerel, threadfin hakeling, red snapper, smooth hound. Several fish collagen-derived peptides showed anti-hypertensive activity, by mainly acting with ACE inhibitory activity or having antihypertensive effects on spontaneously hypertensive rats; these peptides are listed below: GPL and GPM (IC50 = 2.6 and 17.1 M, respectively) [115] and PGASTRGA (IC50 = 14.7 M) [116] isolated from T. chalcogramma skin, DPALATEPDPMPF purified from O. niloticus (higher activity at 20 g/mL) [117], GPEGPAGAR and GETGPAGPAGAAGPAGPR from O. niloticus skin gelatin (inhibition at 5 mg/mL) [118], MVGSAPGVL and LGPLGHQ from Skate (IC50 3.09 and 4.22 M, respectively) [119], GASSGMPG and LAYA purified from Gadus macrocephalus skin gelatin hydrolysates (IC50 = 6.9 and 14.5 M) [120]. Enzymatic hydrolysis of dietary proteins offers a rapid and reproducible method for the production of large number of fish bioactive peptides. Including raw materials, transportation and manpower, the price of the fish oil fatliquor is about 1.98 USD/L, which can save 0.070.35 USD/L compared to the commercial fatliquoring agent, suggesting that tanneries would be inclined to employ fish waste oil-based fatliquoring process due to its benefits in terms of environmental safety and cost competitiveness.